Operating system objects desktop. The concept of the operating system. Characteristics of the Windows operating system. The form of organization of interaction between the user and the operating system

2.1.1. Characteristics of user environment Microsoft Windows

Operational microsoft system Windows is oriented to the organization convenient work User on a personal computer. Prior to its appearance, any operating system required the user to know the computer command management commands. Windows allowed to change the appearance of the system environment and the rules of work in it. Appeared convenient graphical interface with enough simple rules Work.

Characteristic properties of operational windows systems are:

• multitasking and multithreading;
• graphical interface;
• support technology "Plug and Play" connecting new peripheral devices;
• using virtual memory;
• compatibility with previously created software;
• availability of networks software products;
• the presence of media media.

Windows operating system is multitasking (multitasking - multisasca), that is, it is able to "simultaneously" perform several programs. Multitasking (PREEMPTIVE MULTITASKING) is ensured by distribution operating system Processor time between programs. Each task is allocated a fixed quantum of processor time. By its expiration, the system again receives control to select another task to activate. If the task refers to the operating system until its time quantum expires, it also causes the task switching.

Multi-threaded (MULTITHREADING) The operating system organizes programs that are formed by parallel streams that require processor time. A stream is a certain separate working unit that consumes system resources and is taken into account by it. The multi-threaded operating system provides parallel execution not only programs, but also fragments of the same or some set of programs. For example, in a tabular processor, due to the principle of multithreading, the execution of the program fragments can be organized simultaneously: calculating in cells, data entry into cells, building a schedule.

The Windows user interface uses a video monitor graphic mode. The basis of the new graphical user interface is a well-thought-out system of windows located on the screen displaying launched tasks.

The system independently recognizes a specific technical device, requests its driver and produces its auto-tuning.

Wizard programs, perform the necessary settings and connecting the device after entering by the user of some parameters.

Computer problem solving is an insufficient RAM, found windows developers Due to the organization of virtual (real non-existing) memory.

Virtual memory - Address space of the task obtained by combining the operational and part of the disk memory.

IN random access memory Always part of the virtual space allocated to solve the problem, the remaining part is located on the disk memory. If the RAM is missing to ensure the operation of the current (active) application, the application or part of it that is not used in this moment The microprocessor is unloaded (displaced) from RAM to disk. The necessary fragment of the active application is loaded in their place in the RAM (roller). When the control is transmitted to one of the unloaded applications, it is again loaded into the RAM, which can lead to unloading to the disk of another, the application passive at the moment. Thus, the programs are circulated between the disk and the RAM.

Support for virtual memory allows you to open a large number of applications at the same time, but unloading to the disk and boot from the disk reduce computer performance. The part of the external memory used for this purpose is called the paging file, and the described swap process is known as Svetopping. The volume of the paging file can be several times to exceed the amount of RAM.

The paging file is a disk space used as a buffer when exchanging program fragments and data between operational and external memory.

The ability of the operating system to execute programs created in the early version of the operating system is called compatibility with software. Windows can work with previously created files, and programs created for earlier versions of the operating system can also be installed in new versions.

The Windows operating system implements the organization of network connections. The system includes email exchange applications, web browsing. Windows XP firewall provides protection against viruses and other security threats that occur when working on the network.

Windows uses multimedia tools. Using the standard program - player Windows Media. You can play sound and video files. different types. If there is a DVD equipment, you can play CDs, DVDs, listen to Internet radio stations, play clips from movies or view music video clips on web sites. In addition, using Windows Media Player, you can create your own musical CDs.

2.1.2. Windows desktop objects

Under object In Windows, everyone understands everything that the operating system works with. Each Windows object has a unique set of properties. Many objects are convenient to store groups. Such groups in Windows are Folders. The folder is a "container" in which Windows may contain. Inside the folder there may be other folders, as well as different objects, such as printers.

For graphic representation of Windows objects serve Icons and labels.

Main windows screen – desktop.The desktop hosts such objects of Windows
as:

Icon - Figure indicating the object.

Label - Figure denoting communication with the object
(has an arrow in the bottom corner). In any object There may be many labels. They can be placed there, where it is convenient to contact the object;

Task bar - Screen area that can contain buttons or icons. It is usually located at the bottom of the screen. Contains the buttons with the names of all active programs and open folders and files that are used to switch between tasks (windows).

Main menu (Start button) - a list of commands that execute such important actions as launching programs, search for files, viewing documents, installation and removal of programs, installation of equipment, configuration of devices and computer interface.

Window - representation of some running task in the open form. The window displays or document, or disk content, folders, or dialog.

Disk - Icon displaying external information media.

Folder - icon displaying an object of the system to combine other objects in the group.

My computer - icon indicating the access to the main computer devices.

2.1.3. Actions with Windows System Environment

In order to perform actions with the object, you need to allocate it. A selected or active object differs from other objects on the screen color. To highlight an object and other actions with it, a mouse is used, which provides:

• The pointer to the object (is often associated with the advent of the hyperlink or pop-up sign).
• Click the left mouse button when fixing the pointer on the object - the selection of the object.
• Double-click the left mouse button when fixing the pointer on the object - launching programs, open files in applications.
• Move the pointer when the left mouse left key is dragging the object, changing the size of the object, the selection of a group of objects.
• Right clicking when fixing the pointer on the object - open the context menu (list of actions that can be performed with this object).

The list of actions appearing in context menu Depends on the selected object. Each object has properties. You can get acquainted with the properties of the object and change them by calling the properties command from the context menu.

For example, the properties of the desktop, open the ability to change the type of desktop, screensaver, design and screen parameters - those characteristics that are important for the user's operation (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Desktop properties window

Button Startopens the main menu of the computer with which the user can perform actions associated with the installation and deletion of programs, equipment, installation of network connections and communication parameters, setting the parameters of a particular device, for example, such as:

• launch any of the programs displayed in the icon menu;
• run the program using the Run command, specifying the full path (address) window to the desired executable file;
• view (team Setup / Control Panel) information about installed computer devices and change the desired parameters, install a new device;
• view information about the installed programs, install new program;
• change the settings of the interface, such as the desktop, keyboard, mouse, player;
• open documents created lately;
• find files and folders located in a computer for specified parameters;
• get any help on the operating system.

2.1.4. Window management

IN windows Environment The system window is distinguished, the application window that has the following standard elements (Fig. 2):

1 - window title string;

2 - control menu;

3 - toolbar;

4 - address string;

5 - window control buttons;

6 - workspace;

7 - Status String;

8 - window border.

Fig. 2. Systemic windows window Xp.

The control menu contains commands that set various actions with objects in the window. Menu Viewdetermines the representation of the window itself, for example, the display of the address bar, the status bar, the toolbar from which you can refuse. This menu contains commands providing the ordering of the window objects by different features, and also allows you to present objects in the form of a table, list, icons, sketches, tiles. Scroll line allow you to move from one window viewing area to another. Window size control buttons give the user the ability to turn the windows, reduce their size or increase to maximum.

Context menu command Task panels /Arrangedetermines the order of the mutual location of open windows on the screen - cascade, near, from top to bottom, left to right.

The document window is embedded in the application window (Fig. 3).

In fig. 3 Displays the main elements of the Microsoft Word application window:

1 - window title, displays the application icon and document name;

2 - menu line;

3 - Taskbar on which you can select and change the parameters of a given task, for example in Fig. 3 Displayed the "Styles and Formatting" panel, which allows the user to choose and create styles by working with a text document;

4 - horizontal scroll ruler;

5 - vertical scroll line;

6 - Status String.

Fig. 3. Document window

Dialog boxes may contain the following elements (Fig. 4):

• buttons providing the choice of action during dialog (1);
Job title annotation

Workshop

Presentations

Presentation name	annotation

Practical work №1 Work with the main objects of the operating system, for students of grade 7 engaged in UMK Bosova.

The work includes 4 tasks, after the execution of which students should be able to:
- change the properties of the desktop - the topic, background drawing, screensaver;
- change the properties of the taskbar;
- Learn the properties of objects, the icons of which are located on the desktop.

Task 1. Desktop and its properties

After entering the user to the system, a desktop appears on the screen, the design of which depends on the topic chosen. The topic determines the background pattern, a set of sounds, icons and other elements of the desktop. Select a background pattern, a set of sounds and desktop icons allows dialog box Properties: screen.

1. Open the dialog box Properties: screen. To do this, right-click on the free section of the desktop and select the command in the context menu Properties.

2. Change your desktop theme at your discretion. To do this, open the tab. Topics dialog box
Properties: screen. Note the name already set the topic. In the drop-down list Topic Select the option arranging you.

3. Go to the tab Desktop. Here you can change the background pattern, similar to the tablecloth covering the table. View drawing options from the list. Background drawing - They are displayed on the screen at the top of the window. Using the drop-down list Location The background drawing can be positioned in the center, repeated repeated or "stretch" to the entire screen. Select the version of the background image and its location.

4. Go to the tab Screensaver. The screensaver is called a picture that appears on the screen if you do not work on a computer for some time. Time until the screen saver is set by the user. View drop-down list items Screensaver. Select the option arranging you. Explore the parameters of the selected screensaver. Change them at your discretion.

5. Go to the tab Registration. Here you can change the colors and sizes of individual window elements: header lines, menu strings, window control buttons, etc. With the help of drop-down lists Windows and buttons. Color scheme and Font size Pick up your taste for the design of the window and desktop items.

6. Return the changed parameters to its original position.

Task 2. Task panel and its properties

The taskbar has a strip type, which is located along the bottom of the screen by default. It contains a button Start. After starting the program, opening a document or folder window on the taskbar, a button corresponding to the open window appears. On the taskbar placed language panel, digital clock, etc.

1. Change the position of the taskbar. To do this, click right-click on the free area of \u200b\u200bthe taskbar, call its context menu. Uncheck the checkbox Secure taskbar. Click on the free location of the panel, click the mouse button and drag the panel, alternately placing it along the right, top and left border of the screen.

2. Hide the taskbar. To do this, call the context menu of the taskbar, select the command in it Properties. On the tab Task bar Check the box Automatically hide the taskbar.

3. On the tab Menu "Start" dialog box Properties of the taskbar and the "Start" menu Change the main menu view.

4. Double-click on digital clocks Open the dialog box Properties: Date and time. Look at the current number, day of the week, month, year. Determine what day the week is your birthday next year. If necessary, adjust the time on the system clock.

5. Return the changed parameters to its original position.

Task 3. Desktop Objects

1. Check out the properties of objects represented by the icons on the desktop. To do this, use the team Properties context menu of the desired object.

2. Open the windows My computer, My documents and Basket.

3. Place the windows with a cascade. To do this, select the command Window Cascad In the context menu of the taskbar.

4. Alternately position the windows from top to bottom and left to right.

5. Close the windows My computer, My documents and Basket.

6. Remove all icons from the desktop. To do this, open the context menu of the desktop, select Arrange icons And uncheck the checkbox Display desktop icons.

7. Return the icons to the desktop.

8. Arrange the desktop icons in the type.

Task 4. Computer Properties

1. Get acquainted with the properties of your computer. For this:

1) Call the context menu of the object My computer;
2) In the context menu, select item Properties;
3) on the tab Are common Read the processor type, the amount of RAM, the type of operating system used;
4) Close the window Properties: System.

2. Get acquainted with the properties of your computer's hard disk. For this:

1) Open the window My computer;
2) Open the context menu of the disk C:;
3) In the context menu, select item Properties;
4) Find information about the size of the hard disk, the volume of busy and free disk;
5) Close the windows Properties: (C :) and My computer.

Reference information

Methodical instructions for execution laboratory work

1.2 Master the main and additional technological techniques, examined the examples given. These tasks are performed for self-consolidation and deepening knowledge and acquisition of the skills necessary to perform an individual reference job.

1.3 Perform control tasks in accordance with the option.

1.4 Perform verification tasks that demonstrate the level of assimilation of the main didactic units. In writing to answer the test questions.

Operating system.Operating system (OS) - a set of software and hardware that manage the work personal computer (PC), providing joint operation of all its devices, and provide the user with access to PC resources. Windows is a graphic OS for the IBM PC platform computers. Graphic interface - System of windows, dialog panels and controls that provide an interactive user dialogue with OS, programs and applications.

Windows desktop.After turning on the computer and launch Windows OS on the screen you can see Desktop- Windows system object (Figure 1), graphic environment on which are displayed objects (in the form of graphic icons) and control elements (Task bar - horizontal bar at the bottom of the screen).

Windows OS objects. All objects Windows is presented in the form graphic icons (pictograms). Objects are system folders, folders with documents (files), separate documents (files), web Pages, Applications or programs and etc.

TO system folders Your computer includes a network environment, a basket. My computer is a special folder that provides access to the main PC elements, allows you to view the contents of the disks and perform various operations with files and folders (launching programs, copy, move, delete files, creating folders, etc.). The basket is a special folder that serves to temporarily storing the names of remote objects from which they can be restored). Network environment - a special folder that is used to view the contents of discs connected to local network, and perform various operations on them.

Figure 1 - Windows desktop

Folder(Catalog) - The named disk space, where file names, file size information, the time of their creation are stored. The applications are used to streamline programs and documents on the disk and can accommodate both files and other folders. All folders in Windows are marked with a folder icon. File- The sequence of bytes having a name and stored in long-term (external) memory. The file is the main storage unit that allows the computer to distinguish one data set from the other. The files of the same type are indicated by the same icons. Document -the file that is created and processed by the application in Windows OS (for example, a text document created in the Word office application). application - this is application program which is designed specifically for Windows and has a single OS user interface (For example, Word, Excel and other applications included in the MS Office package). Program - This is an ordered command sequence that the computer performs during the data processing process (distinguishes basic, system, service and application programs).

For quick access to objects, often used in operation, it is advisable to use on Desktop Labels of these objects. Label (Graphic icon with a small inclined arrow) - a reference to the object located elsewhere. From the point of view of Windows label - this is special file.which stores data on the parameters and the position of the object on the disk. When contacting K. label The system using the information stored in it is the location of the object, finds and runs (calls on the screen) object.

Icons and labels of objects have labels - inscriptions that are located under them. Icons and labels of objects allow you to control these objects. Acceptance of work with icons and shortcuts are the same, and the consequences of these actions may differ. For example, the removal (or transfer) of the icon leads to removal (or transfer) of the object, copying the icon leads to copying the object; Removing (or transferred) The label leads to the removal (or transfer) of the pointer, but not an object, copying the label, leads to copying the pointer, but not an object. Open (run) The object can be double-clicking on the icon or the label of this object.

Using labels When working with objects, provides significant user amenities:

· Saves time due to quick access to the label associated with the label;

· Saves place on the hard disk, because There is no need to copy the file to other folders, which would lead to a significant consumption of working space on the hard disk (and labels for one object can be created unlimited);

· There is no problem with data synchronization, because Running file from different folders through the labels placed in them, the edit is always exposed to only one taste-related object, which is especially important when using data.

Windows OS controls. Task bar -one of the main elements of Windows OS controls. In the left corner Task panelsthe Start button opens Main menu Windows, with which the user gets access to all programs installed running OS, to files (documents), to system resources, to all the means of its configuration, to the mode of completing the PC. Right from the start button is Panel quickly launch in which the user places the program pictograms with which it works most often. Next are located active applications and open folder and files buttonsthat appear in Task panels Immediately after starting the appropriate application or open the folder or file. The button always indicates the name of the open object. Click on the button in Task panels results in the output of the object window to the fore. In the right corner Task panels is Display panel (Notification area) where the current time indicators are placed, RU keyboard layouts (EN) and others. In the notification area, other icons showing the status of operations are temporarily displayed (for example, after sending a printing document in the notification area, the printer icon is displayed until this document is printed). Task bar - Customizable panel. You can change its size, to move it, apply autosacle, change the appearance, etc. Commands To change the settings, you can call from the context menu Task panels or Start buttons (Property Task Tasks Task Task).

2.2 Basic skills to work in Windows: Work with "Mouse", Work with windows and dialog panels

Work with the "mouse".After booting Windows on the screen appears graphic object, called the mouse cursor. "Mouse" - a manipulator control device for working with graphical interface. Moving the "mouse" on the table causes the cursor on the screen, which makes it possible to position it on objects icons or on application management items.

Standardly standard "mouse" consists of 2 keys and scroll wheels (or from 3 keys). One of the mouse keys is the main (usually left); It is used to conduct action with objects (for example, selecting and moving objects across the screen, etc.). The second key (usually right) is called an optional or context menu key. Controls using "Mouse" - Clicks (Click) and Move (DRAG).

Actions "Mouse":

· hanging(indicating the object) - hovering the mouse pointer on the object icon or on the control element (in this case, a pop-up hint appears on the screen, which briefly characterizes the properties of the object);

· click (easy click) - pressing and releasing the left button "Mouse" (for example, to select an object or menu item);

· double-click- two quick clicks with the left button "mouse" in the same point of the screen (in this case, for example, selects the object and starts it or the menu item opens);

· click right-click- Pressing and releasing the right button "Mouse", while a context menu is called, containing commands allowed when working with the selected object, and depends on the current state (context) of the object;

· dragging (drag-and-drop - drag and leave) - Pressing and holding the left button "Mouse" along with its movement (in this case, the objects are moved across the screen, which is completed if you release the button);

· stretching"Mice" (click-and-drag - click and drags) - it is performed, as well as dragging, but it does not move the object, but the change in its shape (for example, a change in window size);

· special drag and drop - It is performed, like dragging, but when you right-click the "mouse", the special drag menu occurs with a set of possible commands (convenient to use, for example, when copying or moving folders, selected text paragraphs, tables of tables, etc.).

Work with windows and dialog panels.The term "Windows" translated from English means "windows". Work in Windows is reduced to working with windows. By the presence of homogeneous controls and design distinguishes several types of windows: folder window, dialog boxes(dialog panels), window reference system, application window, window documents.

Windows OS windows. Window - This is a limited frame with a rectangular area of \u200b\u200bthe screen, within which various Windows programs are performed. Each program has its own window, while all windows have the same structure and set of controls. Having mastered the main steps with windows, the user receives the necessary skills to work with any Windows OS program.

The Windows folder window features the following mandatory elements (Figure 2):

· string header (1) - in the left corner contains system icon, the view of which depends on the object category, when you click on this icon opens service menuwhose commands allow you to control the size and position of the window on Desktopwhen calling the context menu opens system menu;Near system icon specified name of the open folder(or applications); Right B. title string There are three window control buttons (- Collapse which window temporarily turns in the form of a button in Task bar, or - replaced buttons Expand the window to the window that "swing" the window into full screen or switch the viewing mode from full screen to normal, window mode, - close, which removes the window from the screen and stops working with the object);

· string menu window (2) - has a standard view for Windows windows, contains a list of commands thematically grouped into points; When you click on each items, a "drop-down" menu containing a specific group of commands, while the dot sign is shown, the dialog panel opens with for more informationif the arrow is shown (a black triangle or double arrows), then open menu pop-ups are open; in row menu window Be sure to present items file, editing, view, favorites, service, certificate, other possible options depend on the category of the object;

· toolbar(3) - customized panel (tool type), contains command buttons (pictograms) providing fast access To the most frequently used teams from window menu;

· address bar (4) - allows you to perform fast passage to other partitions of the file structure (for example, to a folder on another disk);

· workspace (5) - the inner part of the window, contains subfolders or documents windows; Nearby is a list of tasks, you can select a file or folder, and then select a task that allows you to rename, copy, move, or delete this file or folder, you can also send an email file or publish it on the Internet; In addition to the main tasks for files and folders, there are several folders with reference to specialized tasks;

· scroll strips -horizontal and vertical (6) – appear if dimensions workspace The windows are not sufficient to view the entire contents of the object; stripes scrollhave the engine and two terminal buttons; Scroll is performed by clicking on one of the terminal buttons, dragging the engine or click on the scroll bar above or below the engine;

· status bar (7) - contains current information about the object;

· border windows (8) - a frame that limits the window from four sides; window sizes can be changed by performing patching left mouse button or for " ushko"(Lower right element of the frame).

Figure 2 - Folder Window My Computer

Windows dialog panels.In addition to windows of objects when working with Windows, it often has to deal with dialog panels (Interactive panels with a variety of controls), which serve to organize a dialogue between PC and a user, in particular: for a message to a user of any information; To get an answer to any request; To select an object or setting its parameters.

In the first case, the user must take note of the reported information and click OK (Figure 3), in the second case - click the desired button To respond to the request (Figure 4).

In the third case dialog panel It may contain controls needed to select the desired commands (Figure 5).

To the main elements of management dialog panels relate:

· tabs - "Pages" of the dialogue panel, choice tabs

· buttons- pressing the button provides an action (attached to the function button), the inscription on the button explains its purpose;

· input fields(text fields) - edit fields, for input text information should be carried out left click "Mouse" in entry field and enter the desired text from the keyboard;

· lists- a set of proposed values; drop-down list- a text box equipped with a down-down-down button, disclosure of the list is carried out by the left click "Mouse";

· switches (white circle) - to select one of the mutually exclusive options, the selection is carried out by clicking the left button "Mouse", the selected option is indicated by a circle with a point inside;

· flags (Square with "checkmark") - Assign certain values \u200b\u200bto the parameter (flags can be located both groups and a single way), Installation flags carried out by clicking the left button "Mouse";

· counters - a pair of arrows that allow you to change the discrete (step-by-step) value in the associated field, exercising for this click of the left button "mouse" by arrow;

· sliders- Engines for smooth change parameters;

· demonstration window(or string sample) - shows the result of the setting.

Figure 5 - Multi-page dialog panel

To move from one group of the elements of the dialog panel to another, you can use the Tab key, and to go between the elements inside the group, the cursor control keys. Many dialog panels are multi-page. Figure 5 shows multi-page dialog panel. OS will make the changes specified in the dialog panel only if the OK key (or apply) is pressed, select the Cancel key to save previous installations and closes dialogue panel.

2.3. Structure and destination Main menu Windows OS

Main menu - One of the main system controls of Windows OS. It opens by clicking on the Start button in Task panels. Appearance Main menu can be changed. Commands To change the settings of the setup, you can call the Start button from the context menu ("Start" properties to ...). Classic view Main menu And the view taken in Windows XP has only external differences. From the point of view of the structure, Main menu Contains two partitions - a mandatory, formed OS, and an arbitrary user-generated.

Main sections Main menu Windows XP (Figure 6): 1 - the name of the current user (formed when creating account user); 2 - Internet programs to view web pages and email (Program type selection Sets the user when setting up); 3 - a list of newly used programs (the number of items defines the user when setting up); 4 - basic system folders (display sets the user when setting up); 5 - setup tools; 6 - certificate, support, search; 7 - programs; 8 - Exit the system and turn off the PC. Main menu - Multi-level: When you hover the mouse pointer to the item opens invested menu items.

System folders My documents, my drawings and my music serve to store text documents, drawings (photos and other graphic files) and sound files, respectively. The recent document item opens access to the labels of the last fifteen documents with which the user worked. Item My Computer - opens a special system folderwhich provides access to the file structure.

Basic Tools Settings - Points Main menu Control panel (allows you to configure the view and functionality PC, install and delete programs, configure network connections etc.) and printers and faxes (displays installed devices And allows you to add new ones).

Item Help and Support Main menu (Figure 7) Provides access to the Windows Help System (the same can be made from the menu bar of any folder window: Help and Support Center). There are three main ways to use the Windows OS reference system (regardless of the version of OS): Search for information on the sections hierarchical tree, according to the alphabetic pointer and the content of articles. Thus, in the Windows XP Help System, the choice of the desired thematic partition can be made on the Help section panel, where the content of the selected partition is presented in the form of hierarchical structure Data, the contents of the selected article are displayed on the right pane. When searching for an accurate name or term, you can use the pointer button (in addition, the term is selected from the alphabetic list, and the contents of the article in which the term is used is displayed on the right pane). To search by keyword Used field Find and Start Search Button. To move on the help panels, the button toolbar buttons are used back and forward, the home button is used to return to the start page. The Favorites button allows you to save the help pages for quick view further. The Log button displays a list of all pages visited in the current session. The Support button allows you to refer to another user or in Microsoft support. Button Settings Allows you to select the options for setting up the help center and support.

In addition, Windows XP implements several levels of access to the help system in dialog boxes:

· across special button? (Help), after clicking for which the "mouse" accepts the form of a question mark, if you bring it to an element of control and click the left button, the pop-up tip appears);

· Through the context prompt (after clicking the right button, the control button appears on the control button, what is this?, By clicking on the left button, the pop-up hint opens).

In Windows, it uses pop-up tips that give instant information about an object or an element of hovering on them. The windows and application windows provide access to your reference system.

Search clause Main menu opens access to K. dialog box Search results for organizing searching for objects and any information on a local computer, on a network server or on the Internet. The search results are displayed in a special window, which is similar to the folder window and which you can use to run the program, folder or document found.

Finding files and folders is conducted according to several main criteria: by name and address. If the exact name of the file is unknown, in the File Name field or the entire file name, you can only specify it part. When specifying the name, you can use wildcard characters: * and?. Symbol? Replaces any individual symbol. For example, under the structure 199 ? All objects are suitable, in the names of which there are any year since 199 0 By 199. 9 . The * symbol means any character or set of characters. For example, the search on the template 1 * 4 can give the following results: 14, 1 23g4, 199 4, 1program4, etc. The * symbol is often used to get the list of all files with the same extension. For example, the * .doc template will allow you to find all the file with the DOC extension, i.e. All files created in the MS Word text editor. The location of the file is selected from the drop-down list (the Overview button is used to limit the search area by one folder).

When searching, you can use additional criteria: the date of the last change (item when was produced last changes?), File size (item What file size?), File type (item Extra options). On the search bar, there are additional hidden controls that are displayed by clicking on the drop-down arrow. When searching text document The search can be conducted by its content (enter the key phrase in the word or phrase field in the file).

Point execute Main menu Used to run Windows and DOS programs, open folders and documents. In the Open Program Start Program dialog box, enter the command, the full name of the document folder or the Internet resource to open them. The Overview button is used to select a program or document.

To launch programs from Main menu The item is all programs. Along with application names, item All programs may contain folders for individual groups or categories of programs (for example, the standard folder contains programs included in the OS delivery, allowing the user to solve some OS service tasks and work with PC). Each of these folders opens an additional submenu. Moving on a tree submenu can be reached before the name of the desired program.

Points Main menu Exit the system and shutdown allow you to correctly complete the Windows OS in order to avoid damage to the PC and the loss of data. If you want to interrupt the session and enable another user to work with a PC, you must perform the following actions: close the windows of all active applications and folders; Press the output from the system, in the output dialog box that appears, press the user's change button (after that another user may enter the OS). Upon completion of the PC, you must complete the following steps: Close the windows of all active applications and folders; Select shutdown item; In the Dialog box that appears, turn off the computer. Select shutdown item; Click the OK button; Disable nutrition.

Attention!When an emergency completion of the work (or with "freezing" programs, you must use the simultaneous keystroke of the Ctrl-Alt-Delete keys. In the Dispatcher dialog box windows tasks Select the application tab and the command to remove the task. Re-pressing the Ctrl-Alt-Delete keys will lead to a reboot of a PC, and all unsaved data will be lost!

Task 1. Desktop design

1. Open the desktop context menu. To do this, click on the right mouse button on the free section of the desktop.
2. Select the item in the context menu Personalization (Properties).
3. Change on your discretion background drawing of the desktop: the image on the desktop, the background on which are located open windows.
4. Change the screen saver at your discretion - an image or animation that appear on the screen if the user does not perform actions with the mouse or keyboard within a certain period of time.

1. Change the desktop theme at your discretion, which includes the desktop background, screensaver, window border color and sound circuit.
2. At your discretion, set several boards of the desktop - customizable mini-programs that allow you to display data, without having to open a new window ( Weather, clock, calendar and etc.).

Task 2. Task panel and its properties

1. For pop-up prompts, find out the assignment of all icons and buttons available on the taskbar.
2. Open the context menu of the taskbar. To do this, click the right mouse button on the free area of \u200b\u200bthe taskbar.
3. Change the position of the taskbar.
4. Hide the taskbar.
5. Return the changed parameters to its original position.

Task 3. Desktop Objects

1. Check out the properties of objects represented by icons on the desktop. To do this, use the team Properties context menu of the corresponding object.
2. Open the windows Documents and Basket.
3. Open the windows of several applications - known to you text and graphic editors.
4. Place the windows with a cascade. To do this, select the command Window Cascad In the context menu of the taskbar.
5. Experiment with other options for the location of the windows on the screen.
6. Set how you can quickly remove all open windows from the desktop.
7. Close all open windows.
8. Arrange the desktop icons in the type. Experiment with other options for the location of the icons on the desktop.

Task 4 (for Windows). Computer properties

1. Get acquainted with the properties of your computer. For this:
   1. call the object context menu A computer;
   2. Properties;
   3. find out the processor type and the volume of RAM;
   4. close the window System.
2. Get acquainted with the properties hard disk Your computer. For this:
   1. open the window A computer;
   2. open the disk context menu FROM: ;
   3. in the context menu, select item Properties;
   4. find information on the size of the hard disk, the volume of busy and free disk;
   5. close the windows Properties: Local disk (FROM:) and A computer.

Task 4 (for Linux). Computer properties

1. Use the button System Open the storage device window on the desktop panel.
2. Open the hard disk context menu (disk partitions).
3. In the context menu, select item Properties.
4. Find information on the size of the hard disk, the volume of the busy and free disk.
5. Find similar information about other data storage devices in your computer.
6. Close the window Properties.

Now you can do

• change the properties of the desktop - theme, background drawing, screensaver;
• change the properties of the taskbar;
• learn to object properties of objects, the icons of which are located on the desktop;
• organize objects on the desktop.