Characteristics of cell phones. The evolution of the telephone: from Alexander Bell to the present day. Mobile at the price of "Mustang"

At that time, one could only dream of this. However, progress has taken its toll. It took a little more than 60 years for the apparatus that appeared in the middle of the last century to acquire the appearance familiar to us today. Consider a brief history the emergence and development of a mobile cell phone, as well as cellular communications in general.

Go…

Back in 1947, the Bell Laboratories (USA) officially proposed to create mobile phone. This date can be considered a starting point. It was then that the active work on the creation of a new device officially began.

However, the first mobile was not destined to appear within the walls of Bell Laboratories. The first prototype of a mobile cell phone was created by the American company Motorola. This happened in 1973. The device was designed by engineer Martin Cooper. The weight of the first cell phone was about 1 kg, dimensions: 22.5x12.5x3.75 cm. The device had no display. The battery of the phone allowed him to work in standby mode up to 8 hours, and in talk mode - up to one hour. It took a long time to charge the phone (about 10 hours). In 1984 went on sale working model cell phone DynaTAC 8000X. The price of the novelty was $3,995. However, despite this, thousands of those wishing to purchase a new device were enrolled in the queue for the purchase of the device!

In the USSR, the first experimental sample of a cell phone was created in 1957, it weighed as much as 3 kg! Moreover, a base station was also attached to the device, which was connected with the City telephone network(GTS). However, a year later, the weight of the device was reduced to 0.5 kg.

The first cellular operator in the USSR appeared in 1991. The price of the phone, which was then offered by Delta Telecom, was $4,000, including connection. The device weighed about 3 kg. A minute of conversation cost $1. At the same time, in the period from 1991 to 1995, the number of subscribers of the company reached 10,000 people. IN Russian Federation The first cellular operator operating on the GSM technology familiar today appeared in 1994.

The number of cellular subscribers has been constantly and steadily growing. In 2009, about 190 million subscribers were registered in Russia. Of course, this number in our country, as well as throughout the world, continues to grow today.

There is no limit to perfection

The cell phone has been constantly improved since its inception. In 1993, the world's first cell phone with a built-in clock was released. After 3 years, the German company Siemens began to produce devices with a voice recorder and a color display. True, there were only three colors on such displays. In 2000, devices with a built-in camera appeared on sale. It happened in Japan. Around the same time, phones with a built-in mp3 player went on sale. In 2001, support for the Java platform appeared in cell phones. This made it possible to install many different applications on the devices. Among them is the famous instant messaging service - ICQ. First mobile with support Bluetooth technology in 2002 was released by Ericsson. This technology made it possible to exchange various data between phones on a certain radio frequency (without wires). In this case, the phones should be close enough to each other. Depending on interference, obstacles, the Bluetooth range is from 10 to 100 m. At the same time, a phone appeared that supports EDGE technology. She allowed to use the phone to access the Internet. And do it at a fairly high speed. The development of EDGE overshadowed the earlier WAP technology. The latter allows you to access the Internet at lower speeds. At the same time, you need to pay for the time spent on the network, and not for the amount of information viewed. The introduction of EDGE technology is a merit of the Finnish Nokia.

List all that appear in the cultivation process cell phones new features can be long. The improvement process continues today. While you are reading this article, another unique device is already being created in the world. For example, a phone capable of typing input through thoughts alone (“read” your thoughts and turn them into text). By the time such a device is released, it will be useful to know and understand the existing basic functions of mobile phones. Let's move on to their consideration.

25 main functions

So, let's look at the most common features of modern mobile phones.

Phonebook . This function for any mobile phone - a necessary and mandatory thing. Available in all modern devices. Allows each telephone number to be assigned its own unique name. For example, 8-888-888-88-88 - Ivan Petrov. Contacts can be stored in the phone's own memory, an optional memory card, or a SIM card. Concepts such as “memory card” and “sim card” are discussed in paragraphs 15 and 19, respectively.

In more advanced devices, it is possible to save a lot of useful information for each contact (email address, home and work phone numbers, place of work, home address, etc.). In this case, the phone performs the function of a full-fledged notebook.

Call log . The feature is extremely useful. Allows you to easily see where and when you called (or called you). Also, using the call log, you can see the duration of any of your conversations. Today, this feature is present in every cell phone.

SMS (Short Message Service) . The same absolutely obligatory service today as the two previous ones. Allows you to send and receive short text messages in cellular networks. Today, this feature is present even in the cheapest models.

MMS (Multimedia Message Service). This feature allows you to send and receive multimedia messages (video, audio, pictures) from one phone to another. It should be noted that the size of the transmitted content is quite limited. Most mobile operators in Russia and the CIS allow you to transfer up to 300 Kb of information in one MMS message. Today largest operators cellular networks allow you to send SMS and MMS from their sites for free. You only need to pay for the services of using the Internet.

Clock . Today, perhaps, it is impossible to meet a cell phone devoid of this function. Although, of course, if you want - everything is possible. After all, phones are for every taste and color. The clock is a useful, simple, necessary function. At the same time, no one forbids you to wear your favorite wristwatch.

Stopwatch . What allows you to do - it is clear from the name. Stopwatches in modern phones have a fairly high accuracy. The function is useful for athletes. It can be useful for students during laboratory work.

Timer . The opposite of a stopwatch. Allows you to count the time “back”, to do a countdown. You choose some time interval and turn on the timer. At the end of this segment, the timer gives a certain signal (sound, vibration).

Alarm . This feature can be used in place of the regular stationary alarm clock. Or as another, safety alarm clock. A very handy item. Especially when you are visiting, and in the morning you need to wake up early.

Calendar . Useful feature. Often there is no ordinary calendar at hand at the right time. And you need to see what day of the week it will be, for example, April 10. A couple of quick taps and you're in the know. Very comfortably.

Calculator . Most often, a simple (non-engineering) calculator is installed in phones. It is suitable for some quick simple calculations. When you need to add, subtract, divide, multiply, or take a percentage. Having this feature can really come in handy. After all, a conventional calculator is not always where it is needed now. Today, this feature is present in almost any mobile phone.

Converter . Allows you to convert various quantities (units of volume, area, length, etc.) from one measurement system to another. This also includes the possibility of converting some currencies into others at the rate you know.

Radio . Allows you to listen to public radio stations operating on FM frequencies absolutely free of charge. Desired function for those who want to be constantly in the know. Who likes to listen to the news and favorite programs on the radio.

Lantern . It will be very useful when there is no ordinary flashlight at hand. And you will certainly need to highlight something somewhere. You can of course highlight and bright included display. But the flashlight in this case is much better. Shines brighter, white light. Moreover, unlike the display, it shines pointwise, and not “smeared”.

Photo, video camera . The most useful feature. Present in most modern mobile phones. Sometimes you don’t have a camera or video camera at hand, and you urgently need to capture something. Even if not in best quality. Although the quality is debatable. There are phones in which the main emphasis is placed on the wide possibilities of the camera. Such devices allow you to get photos and videos of very decent quality. Such phones are called camera phones. An example of a camera phone is . It is equipped with an 8 million pixel camera. with LED flash; the maximum resolution for a photo is 3264x2448 pixels.

Memory card support . In cell phones, various information (your contacts, audio, video files, photos) can be stored in the memory of the device itself. However, most often the amount of this memory is very limited. Although there are devices with a fairly decent memory of their own. To expand the memory, phones are usually equipped with connectors (“slots”) for special memory cards (flash cards or “flash drives”). Exist different types memory cards. The most common slots in mobile phones today are microSD and microSDHC flash card slots. The former allow you to store up to 4 GB of information, the latter - up to 32 GB.

MP3 player . For music lovers - the function is simply irreplaceable. Allows you to listen to audio files on your phone (or on an inserted memory card). Moreover, the most advanced phone models in this respect reproduce sound not only in mp3 format. They support AAC, WMA, WAV and some other formats. Devices in which the main emphasis is placed on the increased quality of the reproduced sound are called “music phones” ( music phones). An example of such a phone is .

Voice recorder . Useful feature. Imagine: you need to fix it, but there is no time to write it down. Or just laziness. It is much easier and faster to press the “record” button and save the desired audio file. Recording a conversation or conversation is very convenient. This feature will be useful for musicians. You never know where inspiration comes to them. Turned on the recorder - recorded composed music, a vocal part or a song. Fast, simple, convenient.

Internet . Majority modern phones allow access to the global network. There are four main options to get on the Internet today. These are WAP, GPRS, Wi-Fi and 3G. We will not dwell on each of them in detail. It's separate big talk. It should be noted that GPRS is the most demanded in Russia today. Although this is not the fastest way to access the Internet. WAP technology as it exists today is not promising. Too expensive and slow. Moreover, you need to pay not for the amount of information viewed (as in the case of GPRS), but for the time spent in the network. Wi-Fi, of course, will not be an extra feature in your device. It allows you to surf the Internet at high speed. However, Wi-Fi requires special access points, the so-called hot spots. They are paid and free. The latter are most often found in various public places. Where there is a constant crowd of people (cinemas, bars, cafes, etc.). It should be noted that their number in all large cities of Russia is growing. 3G is a high-speed technology mobile access to the Internet, the so-called third-generation mobile communications. Based on the definition, it is clear that the data transfer rate is even higher than in the case of Wi-Fi. This service in the Russian Federation is in the development stage. Moreover, this development is proceeding at a fairly rapid pace. It is possible that soon the 3G function will become very popular among mobile phone users in our country.

“Multi-Symbol” . This term refers to the ability of the device to simultaneously work with two or more active sim-cards.

Each mobile operator per purchased telephone number gives you its sim card. At the same time, you yourself choose the tariff at which you will continue to pay for your mobile communications. Of course, each operator has its own conditions (prices for communication), its own set of tariffs. It changes periodically. An understandable question arises: what is actually good about the function in question? And it is good because it allows you to simultaneously be in touch on two or even three different phone numbers. After all, today there are phones that support three active SIM cards at once. In this case, the numbers can be referred to as various operators cellular communication, and to one. Accordingly, you get the opportunity to “play” with tariff plans. You can choose the most profitable communication option. And in this case, it is enough to have only one switched on mobile phone with you. An example of a phone with two active sim cards is.

Java support . This feature allows you to install various games and applications on the Java platform on your phone. For those who like to communicate through the ICQ instant messaging service, this is a must. Moreover, “Asya” allows you to communicate many times cheaper than the SMS short message service. Those who like to play all sorts of races, “shooters”, “mini-quests”, etc. on their phone, cannot do without java support either.

Ability to connect to a PC (data-cable) . Allows you to transfer various files from your mobile phone to your computer and vice versa. Today, phone manufacturers release special programs for their devices. These programs allow you to do many useful things with your phone. They are installed on your computer. Then connect the phone to the PC (using a special cable). Now you get the opportunity, for example, to create backups mobile data. In addition, there are a number of other interesting opportunities. This feature is definitely the most useful.

IR port. infrared port . The technology allows you to transfer data from one device to another. This happens through infrared light waves. Today, this technology is almost completely replaced by other, more advanced ones (Bluetooth and Wi-Fi).

Bluetooth . This technology allows the exchange various information between mobile phones, PCs and other devices on a specific radio frequency. You should be aware that for such an exchange, the distance between devices should not exceed 10-100 meters (it depends on various interferences and obstacles). Pretty handy feature. Available on most modern mobile phones.

TV tuner . TV on the screen of your mobile phone. In Russia today this function is poorly developed. The reason is the high cost of receiving a high-quality signal. However, in the world of mobile communications, nothing stands still. It is possible that things will change in the near future. And with the development of new technologies, we will look television programs on the screens of their phones. An example of such a phone is .

GPS . Satellite navigation system. Allows you to determine your location anywhere in the world with sufficient accuracy (error 1-2 m). A mobile phone that has this feature and is equipped with special program, becomes a navigator. A useful feature for travel and long trips.

Form factor (form)

So, we have considered 25 main functions of modern mobile phones. But they did not touch upon such an important point as the shape of the apparatus. It is also often referred to as the form factor. By form, phones are divided into:

Classic monoblock . It is a monolithic machine with no moving parts. Sometimes such an apparatus is called a “brick” or “brick”. Monoblock is, for example,.

"Clamshell" ("book") . The body of the device is foldable. Consists of two parts. Reminds me of a fold out notepad. Example - .

Slider . The device consists of two parts that move relative to each other. Such a device is, for example,.

Rotator . The phone contains a mechanism that rotates along its axis. An example is .

Bracelet . Such a device is worn like a watch on the wrist. An example of such a phone is .

There are phones with other form factors (dual slider, side slider, horizontal clamshell), etc. However, it is the options mentioned above that are most widely used today.

PDA, smartphone or “just a phone” - what's the difference?

Modern telephones are divided into “simple telephones”, smartphones and communicators (PDAs – pocket portable computers). The fundamental difference between “simple phones” from PDAs and smartphones is that the latter two have a full-fledged operating system ( Windows Mobile, Symbian OS, Android, etc.). It allows you to install various programs on these devices that expand the functionality of the devices. It can be office software packages, electronic translators, audio and video players, etc. It should be noted that there is no clear separation between PDAs and smartphones today. Sometimes these two terms are not separated at all. However, there is an opinion according to which communicators should include devices with a full operating system and a touch screen. With this classification, it turns out that a smartphone is a PDA with a conventional, non-touch screen. There is a device that can be considered a communicator, however, it is positioned by the manufacturer as a completely separate device. This is the famous from Apple.

This company traditionally positions its products on the market in this way. It distinguishes them from the total mass of all similar devices. At the same time, he gives them sonorous names starting with English letter"i".

Weight, dimensions and battery capacity

It is impossible not to touch on the following three characteristics of any mobile phone: weight, dimensions and battery capacity. Most modern mobile phones weigh no more than 100 g. PDAs and smartphones usually differ in weight (above 100 g). Also, “increased” weight is typical for “image” phones. The reason is that various additional decoration elements are used in their design. For example, gold or special sapphire glass. The most famous company involved in the production of expensive “image” phones is Vertu.

Cell phones come in a variety of sizes. Of course, smartphones and PDAs will be larger than ordinary mobile phones. There are special “women's” or “ladies'” phones. They are small in size, allowing them to fit comfortably in the hand.

An important indicator is the capacity of the battery. The higher it is, the better. The device will need to be charged less frequently. The increased mass of smartphones and PDAs is often caused by the large size of the required battery. However, here it is better to pay attention not to the battery capacity, but to the operating time of the phone declared by the manufacturer. Moreover, there are two operating modes: talk mode and standby mode. It is clear that a phone with a large screen and high resolution a fairly powerful battery will be installed. Especially in comparison with a simpler device. But the “advanced” device will also consume more energy. This means that charging can end faster than more simple phone. Let the battery last and weaker. Therefore, be careful! Pay attention to these parameters: the phone's standby time and talk time. Of course, no one forbids you to look at and evaluate the battery power. It will also be useful, especially if you have already had experience using a similar device. For example, a similar PDA or "music phone".

Screen

The screen of the phone can be simple or touch. The touch screen responds when you touch it. At the same time, it is a control element. The phone may be designed so that the only control element is a touch screen. This is how the well-known iPhone works. However, today phones with auxiliary controls - buttons are still more common. However, it is likely that push-button devices will be replaced by touch ones.

Screen resolution is an important concept. Resolution is the number of pixels along the horizontal and vertical axes. A pixel is the smallest element (dot, grain) that is capable of displaying colors. The higher the resolution, the better. The image will be more detailed, will not appear “grainy”. The screen resolution of the iPhone mentioned above is 480x320. For most Nokia phones, Samsung, etc. it is 240x320.

Screen size also plays important role. Working with a phone that has a fairly large screen is very pleasant. On such devices it is convenient to view photos and videos. Big screens typical for smartphones and PDAs. In sunny weather, however, touch screens PDAs are very glare. They are said to be "blind". Managing the device in this case becomes very problematic. Partially the problem is solved by special protective anti-reflective films. They are glued directly to the screen of the device.

Conclusion

I hope that this article has helped you understand the main features of modern mobile phones. I would like to believe that now it will be much easier for you to choose a device. Which of the above functions are really important is up to you. The more features a device has, the more it will cost. You have to pay for functionality. And whether you will use what you give your money for - time will tell. Therefore, approach the choice of a phone thoroughly and reasonably. Follow the principle of a good tailor: "measure seven times - cut once" (and in this case, it's more accurate to say - buy). Before buying, consult with relatives, friends, the seller. Feel free to ask even the most stupid questions in your opinion! It's not a shame not to know, it's a shame not to ask. Think carefully about your future purchase.

Good luck and happy shopping!

© Yakovenko Denis,
Date of publication of the article - April 20, 2010

"Watson, says Bell! If you can hear me, then go to the window and wave your hat." This phrase, spoken 141 years ago, on March 10, 1876, was the first to be spoken over the telephone. The speaker - Alexander Graham Bell - became known to the whole world as the inventor of the device.

According to statistics, the residents of Russia alone now make 144 million calls a day. And the average person makes almost one and a half thousand phone calls in one year.

Discord Phone

In fact, with the history of the invention of the telephone, not everything is so simple. In the early 1850s, New Yorker Antonio Meucci discovers that electricity purported to have a positive effect on human health. He designs a generator and opens a private practice. One day, Meucci connected the wires to the lips of the patient, and he himself moved to a remote room where the generator was located. When the doctor turned on the device, he heard the patient's cry as clearly as if he were standing next to him.

Meucci gave up medicine and began to experiment with the device. By the beginning of the 1870s, he had already created drawings of the apparatus, which he called the telephotophone. In 1871, the Italian was going to register his invention, but he did not succeed.

According to one version, poor Meucci did not have enough $250 to pay the fee at the Patent Office. According to another, the papers sent by mail were lost somewhere. The third version says that the documents were stolen by order of the Western Union company, for which, by the way, the same Alexander Bell worked. Another competitor to the "well-known" inventor of the telephone was a man named Elisha Grey. He filed an application with the Patent Office two hours later than Bell - subsequently, a lawsuit between the two innovators dragged on until 1893. The American Themis eventually delivered a verdict in favor of Bell.

The very first telephone did not have a ringer - it was later invented by Bell's assistant, the same Thomas John Watson. The microphone was modified by Thomas Edison. He also came up with the idea to start a conversation with the word "hello", that is, hello ("hello" in English). However, the Italians and the Japanese answer calls differently: the inhabitants of the Apennines say "pronto" ("ready, I accept"), and the citizens of the Land of the Rising Sun - "mosi-mosi" ("I say, I say").

The history of this invention was not without the Russians. In 1895, Mikhail Freidenberg proposed to the world the concept of automatic telephone exchanges (ATS), which connected subscribers to each other without the help of a female operator. The offer turned out to be unclaimed, the profession survived - and became a thing of the past much later, in the middle of the 20th century.

"Hello, young lady!"

Telephonization was rapidly spreading around the world. The first city where devices began to appear in the apartments of wealthy people was Boston, where Bell lived and worked. In 1879, the invention "swam" the Atlantic: a telephone exchange appeared in Paris, and in 1881 it became possible to talk with a friend without meeting him in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Odessa, Berlin, Riga and Warsaw. By the beginning of the 20th century, international and intercity lines began to entangle the planet, and by 1910 there were already more than 10 thousand stations around the world that served more than 10 million subscribers!

The phone in those days consisted of several devices at once with a total weight of more than 8 kilograms! The Bell apparatus itself looked like an iron box with a lever and one or two tubes. In the first case, there was only a speaker in the handset, and you had to bend over to talk, in the second, the microphone was installed in an additional horn. A signal board was attached to this device, which called, as soon as the telephone operator called the subscriber. To use the device, it was necessary to pick up the receiver, twist the lever, which gave current and "informed" the typist at the station that it was necessary to start a conversation. This is what a typical dialogue looked like:

To call the subscriber, the "lady" stuck the plug into the corresponding socket on the panel in front of her. A good telephone operator managed to connect subscribers in less than 8 seconds.

In 1882, three-digit numbering was used in Moscow, while the first subscribers were only 26. Over the next 10 years, the network grew to 1892 numbers. The numbering became four digits. Owning a telephone in those days was very expensive. Payment for a month of use - 250 rubles. For comparison: the monthly salary of a teacher is 25 rubles, a paramedic is 55. For the cost of installing a telephone, you could buy a complete set of clothes or, for example, two excellent horses.

With the beginning of the 20th century, Swedes, the Ericsson company, began to deal with telephones in Moscow. They presented new model apparatus: the handset took on its familiar form with two holes, and instead of a lever, a regular button appeared, or rather two - for getting in touch and for hanging up. The Scandinavians were able to reduce tariffs - a month of owning the device began to cost 63 rubles.

In 1903, the telephone was installed in the Kremlin. Emperor Nicholas II, who arrived in Moscow for such an occasion, was presented with an ivory telephone inlaid with gold.

Telephone installation throughout the country

On January 1, 1917, there were 232 thousand subscriber numbers in Russia, the numbering became five-digit. During the revolution, Lenin ordered his supporters to seize the post office, telegraph office and telephone exchange in the first place. After the victory of the Bolsheviks - already in 1919 - the connection was nationalized. Private phones were also confiscated - they were handed over to police stations, military commandant's offices, institutions and enterprises of the city. Communication has become a rarity, accessible only to the party nomenclature and the heroes of the Red Army, as well as doctors.

The pre-revolutionary volume of subscribers was restored only by 1923, moreover, through the efforts of the same Swedes from Ericsson, as well as the Germans from Siemens. At the same time, the construction of automatic telephone exchanges began, which did not require the work of telephone operators. The first station in the USSR appeared in 1926 in Rostov-on-Don.

One of the reasons for replacing human labor with a "soulless machine" was secrecy - in an environment of constant spy mania, allowing "ladies" to listen in on telephone conversations would be inexcusable irresponsibility. However, the profession of "telephone girl" for intercom finally became a thing of the past in the forties.

The appearance of automatic telephone exchanges led to a change in the appearance of the devices themselves - a disk for dialing appeared on them. One of the first such devices was installed, of course, in the Kremlin - it received the nickname "turntable". This word is still used today - to refer to a government phone.

On the disk, in addition to numbers, there were also letters of the Russian alphabet - A, B, C, D, D, E, F, I, K and L. The letter "Z" was absent, since it visually resembled a three. The numbers themselves were of the A-21-35 format.

In the United States, letter numbering is still used today. Even on the first American telephones, there were rows of letters near each number. If you have a "button" landline phone, pay attention - they are written there even now. Even on on-screen keyboard mobile phones still have letters - and they are not intended for typing SMS at all. This was done for the convenience of remembering the numbers, for example, instead of the long and complicated number +1-888-237-82-89, the combination 1-888-BEST BUY is used.

In Russia, this tradition did not take root due to the similarity in the pronunciation of Russian letters. Until the mid-1960s, telephone numbers in the USSR contained both numbers and letters, and then the latter were abandoned.

Officially, the first conversation on a mobile phone took place in 1973 in New York. But there is a version that the world's first wireless devices did not appear at all in the USA, but in the Soviet Union. Back in 1961, TASS reported that radio engineer Leonid Kupriyanovich had developed a model of a telephone that could transmit voice via radio to a base station located no further than 25 kilometers. The device weighed 500 grams and could work in standby mode for 20-30 hours. It looked like a box with a license plate, a pair of toggle switches and a plug-in handset. The owner of such a device had to either hold the case in one hand and the receiver in the other, or hang the box on his belt.

The author of the invention writes in the magazine "Young Technician": "Wherever you are, you can always be found by phone, you just need to dial the known number of your radiophone from any city phone (even from a pay phone). You hear in your pocket phone call and you start a conversation. If necessary, you can dial any city telephone number directly from a tram, trolleybus, bus, call an ambulance, fire or emergency vehicle, contact the house ... "

Alas, after 1965 no one else wrote about this invention, and Leonid Kupriyanovich himself began to develop medical equipment.

Another thing is the apparatus "Altai". This full-fledged mobile communication system was deployed in Russia in the early seventies. But the phones themselves did not look much like the cell phones we are used to: a large box - about 5-7 kilograms - with a tube. Carrying this in your hands was problematic, but the devices were equipped with cars of special services and party nomenclature. The era of Altai ended already in the 21st century, in 2011.

Mobile at the price of "Mustang"

On a clear day on April 3, 1973, an elderly man named Martin Cooper walked out of Motorola's office in Lower Manhattan, New York. In his hand he held a strange light beige object. Moving away from the building, he pressed some buttons on it.

Almost immediately, a phone rang at the headquarters of rival Bell Laboratories - the phone in the office of the head of the research department, Joel Engel, rang. Picking up the phone, he heard Cooper's voice: "Do you know where I'm calling you from? I'm calling you from Manhattan, from the world's first cell phone." In his memoirs, the researcher could not give Engel's answer, but he said: he distinctly heard him grinding his teeth.

It took 10 years to "debug" the device - the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X appeared on the free market only in 1983. The device weighed about a kilogram and was 25 centimeters high. In talk mode, it worked for 35 minutes, and charged for 10 hours. The price was astronomical - more than $3500, but despite this, a line of buyers lined up behind the phone. For comparison: for $6500 in the USA you could buy a brand new Ford Mustang.

Full-fledged to Russia cellular in the form in which we know it, came in 1991. Data transmission was carried out through the Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT) standard, and the Finnish Nokias were the most popular phones. By their own technical specifications they lost to Motorolam - they weighed about 3 kilograms. The price also bit - with the connection the device cost $ 4000, and a minute of conversation cost $ 1.

By this time, the Motorola MicroTAC 9800X had already been released overseas - a phone with a flip cover that fit in the palm of your hand.

EPOCH GSM

By 1993, four mobile communication standards were operating in Russia at once: NMT (operator Delta Telecom), D-AMPS (BeeLine, which was then written that way - in Latin), the already mentioned Altai and GSM (MTS and a little later North -Western GSM"). The last one won - so far voice communication transmitted in this format.

At this time in the UK, Neil Papworth, a 22-year-old Sema Group employee, was testing the capabilities of the GSM standard. Engineers were already able to implement the possibility of determining the number of the calling line and a service that allowed this feature to be blocked. But in his free time, Papworth was engaged in other work - he tried to achieve the ability to transmit not only voice, but also text over mobile lines. And in December 1992, he succeeded: the world's first SMS (Short Message Service) was sent. The text is simple and uncomplicated: "Merry Christmas!" The inventor was sure that his brainchild would be used exclusively for sending service messages, but it turned out differently: in 2015, 20,000 text messages were sent every second in the world.

Telephone sets at that moment began to decrease in size. Displays, on the contrary, grew. If in the first "Motorola" there was only one line on the screen, then on the Nokia 2110 released in 1994 there were already three of them. This device has become to some extent a cult - an alarm clock, a calculator, a stopwatch and an SMS function have been integrated into it. When calling, that phone emitted the well-known Nokia Tune melody, which was installed in the standard package on all devices of the Finnish company.

This phone turned out to be very popular in Russia - and even earned the fame of "mobile for the new Russian."

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From Java to AppStore

Almost all the functions familiar to us appeared in phones at the turn of the century. In 1999, devices learned to access the Internet using the WAP protocol. At the same time, web developers took care of creating mobile versions- no pictures. In the same year, a phone appeared that used two SIM cards. True, switching between them had to be done manually. In 2000, mobile phones played MP3 tunes, took pictures, and even picked up GPS satellite signals. In 2002, Siemens released the SL45 with Java technology. On this phone it was possible to download third party applications. Mostly games and also ringtones.

The design of the phones tended to be miniature - some models were created as ladies' ones. As a result, there were such "kids" as Samsung SGH-A400 or Panasonic GD55 - the size of a matchbox. Moreover, both of these models quietly went online, even if they had only a monochrome screen.

Nokia 9210, announced in 2002, is considered the world's first smartphone. It was running a rare Series S80 operating system (OS). Subsequently, it, as well as other operating systems from Nokia S40 and S60, became part of the general Symbian OS, which was installed on their products not only by the Finns, but also by Motorola, SonyEricsson, Siemens, Panasonic, Fujitsu, Samsung, Sony, Sharp and Sanyo. The presence of an "OS" made it possible to create more user-friendly interface and work in multitasking mode.

In January 2007, Steve Jobs revealed iPhone world. Apple's smartphone was not the first device with a touchscreen function (that is, it could be controlled by touching the screen with your fingers), and certainly not the first touch phone. But this model, due to its wild popularity, made smartphones the way we know them now: a large screen and a minimum of buttons. The device with an apple on the back panel has an alternative operating system - iOS. A year later, a third player will appear, which now occupies almost 80% of the market - Android OS.

The last revolutionary change was the scheme wireless charging battery. It appeared back in 2009, but gained popularity only in 2015. Another innovation - stores AppStore applications and GooglePlay, founded in 2010. You can also add NFC technology here, which allows you to pay by touching the phone to the terminal.

All other characteristics of phones have evolved. Let's take built-in cameras as an example - the first of them had a resolution of 0.3 megapixels, and now you can find devices with 41 megapixels on the market. The latest trend is the double flash. The Internet has also accelerated - if on the first phones with WAP, downloading occurred at a speed of 10 kilobits per second, now, with LTE technology, it is already measured in gigabits.

The design, in turn, has been simplified: after the riot of form factors of the 2000s, now the vast majority of models are the usual rectangle with a thin body. After miniaturization, phones began to grow again - up to a seven-inch screen diagonal!

Experts interviewed by TASS argue that in the coming years, smartphones are unlikely to change their appearance, but have every chance to squeeze laptops and cameras out of the market.

Mobile Research Group Leading Analyst Eldar Murtazin believes: phones will turn into full-fledged portable computers, to which it will be possible to connect external monitor, keyboard and mouse. They will have a large amount of RAM (there are already eight-core processors with more than 4 GB of RAM). With the advent of the 5G standard (data transfer at speeds up to 7 Gb / s), people will begin to abandon Wi-Fi.

Murtazin believes that people's "dependence" on phones will also increase. Will go to the past bank cards and magnetic badges: they will be installed directly into the phone (such technologies already exist). Perhaps the YotaPhone experiment with two screens will be repeated: "Everything else, such as flexible displays, is exotic, and they are unlikely to be massively on the market."

To date, there are a huge variety of different phone models, and when the question arises of how to choose a phone, many are simply lost.

Yes, online stores have the ability to choose a gadget by parameters, there are even platforms that take data from several stores and compare features and prices.

But due to such an abundance of models, an ordinary person simply cannot understand which mobile phone is better and experiences real pain of choice.

To reduce them, below we will look at the criteria by which phones are usually chosen. After that, everyone will be able to understand what he needs and make the right choice.

Criterion #1. Budget

Like it or not, everything always depends on the amount of money that we can spend on buying a mobile phone.

Tip #1: Even before buying a new gadget, you should determine how much money you are willing to spend. After that, it will become clear what to expect.

In general, all phones can be divided into the following categories:

And if you need a phone just for this, then choose from models that cost up to 1000 rubles.

And the only characteristic that should take place when choosing a dialer is the quality of the connection.

This refers to how clearly the voice of the interlocutor is transmitted. And here phones from Fly stand out.

An example of a good dialer is Fly DS105C, which can be bought for 800 rubles. If you characterize it in two words, it will be the words "affordable" and "simple".

Indeed, it will be very difficult to find an easier-to-use mobile device.

The battery in it is 900 mAh, which is enough for several days of work without charging (276 hours in standby mode).

Its dimensions are only 110x45x14.6 mm - it fits very easily in your hand. There is a radio, an audio player and even a player for videos in mp4 and 3gp format.

In general, an ideal choice for those who have very little money in their pockets and who need a phone purely for calls.

But it's still the 21st century, and if you already buy a phone, you can save up and buy something more interesting. Then you need to pay attention to all the criteria below.

Criterion #2. OS (operating system)

The operating system is in every modern phone.

The most popular of them are:

1. Symbian. This OS today belongs to Nokia and, accordingly, is used only on the devices of this company. Now it is far from being as popular as it was 4-7 years ago. And push her out the following systems on our list.
2. Android. Most modern phones run on Android. The OS is constantly updated, improved, while often buggy and does not work the way the user wants.
   At least, this is evidenced by reviews on the Internet, left even in 2016. On the other hand, this system is the most demanded, it is used by Samsung, HTC, Motorola and all Chinese phones That's why they talk about it the most.
3. Apple iOS. A system designed specifically for Apple phones. There is nothing to discuss here - buy an Apple phone, get iOS.
4. blackberry OS. Like iOS, designed only for Blackberry phones. This system is the record holder in this list, since it was created back in 1999.
5. Windows phone. The developers tried to make an analogue of Windows 10 for computers with the same multi-colored pictograms of various labels in the form of squares, only for smartphones. Very popular in the West.

Yes, there are many more different operating systems, for example, OS Bada, Palm OS, Open webOS, Maemo and others. But it is better to choose from these five.

And the reason for this is that they are simply supported in our area, that is, if a phone on the same Android breaks down, we will fix it, but it will be much more difficult to deal with a phone on OS Bada.

You will need to look for a master who would understand this issue, and this is very difficult.

So, operating systems are defined. Now it remains to understand what OS you want on your cell phone.

The operating system should be selected according to the following criteria:

1. The purpose of the smartphone If a business person who constantly works with documents and wants to customize the interface for himself needs it, then it will suit him Windows phone, and if for games and all sorts of "gadgets", then definitely Android.
   If reliability is a priority, that is, a person does not care about games, but he wants to get a phone with which nothing will happen (for example, viruses will not beat), then this is Blackberry OS.
2. Budget. If there is not much money in your pocket, but you want to get good gadget then choose Symbian. This OS is aimed at the budget class. But if money is not a problem, then you can spend money on Apple with Apple iOS.
   Android phones are a kind of golden mean.

Tip #2: It's best to look awayAndroid, because today most applications are written specifically for this OS. In addition, phones withAndroidare cheaper thaniPhone, but have almost the same functionality. And, in the end, this is the most popular OS in our area.

Criterion number 3. Phone power

How powerful a phone is can be determined by the characteristics of the processor and RAM of the phone.

CPU

This characteristic is related to the power of the mobile phone. Processor power is determined by its frequency. It is measured in Hertz (Hz) It is logical that the more of them, the better.

Today, 1-2 GHz (GigaHertz) is normal for phones.

In addition, the power of the processor depends on the number of cores, each of which has its own certain number of Hz.

Interestingly, even on the most powerful modern smartphones the number of GHz rarely exceeds 2.5 GHz.

Only Chinese masters stand out, who manage to fit into regular phone up to 3.5 GHz. An example of such a phone is the ZTE Nubia Z9.

Considering the most expensive models and phones from the budget category, you can notice one interesting feature.

It lies in the fact that the processor power on budget smartphones often more than the most expensive ones.

This is quite logical, because manufacturers simply do not yet know a way to make the processor more powerful.

Therefore, if it is important for you that the phone is powerful, you can not overpay.

An example of a really powerful device is Xiaomi Redmi Note 3 at 2 GHz in the processor. It costs about 230 dollars.

For comparison: samsung galaxy The S7 costs about $830 and is 2.3 GHz. Xiaomi also has 32 GB of internal memory, GPS, GLONASS and many other useful features.

The disadvantages of the phone are only a bad camera, a dim display (we will talk about this later) and non-removable battery- if it breaks, you can’t replace it on your own, and this is an additional inconvenience.

But Xiaomi Redmi Note 3 is one of the most powerful phones to date due to the next characteristic - RAM.

RAM

Another characteristic that affects power.

Measured in gigabytes (GB). The number of GB determines how quickly the system can respond to user actions and process various operations.

So, in Xiaomi Redmi Note 3 these gigabytes are as much as 3. In the same Samsung Galaxy S7 there are already 4 of them, but it also costs an order of magnitude more expensive, as mentioned above.

It makes no sense to choose a phone depending on the RAM, because with a powerful processor, no one will ever put enough RAM in the phone, otherwise the device will not work correctly.

The bigger, the better.

Prompt: To understand how powerful the processor is, there is handy program entitledAnTuTu benchmark.

In this program, each phone is given a score based on its performance.

So, in early March 2016, a study was conducted that showed that the most powerful phones have a processor called Qualcomm Snapdragon 820.

In second place - Apple A9 (only for iPhone), and the third line was taken by Samsung Exynos 8890.

1. Huawei Kirin 950;
2. Samsung Exynos 7420
3. Qualcomm Snapdragon 810;
4. Qualcomm Snapdragon 652;
5. Apple A8.

Based on this, we can form the following advice.

Tip #3: For a phone to be powerful, it must have one of the processors listed above.

But the problem is that such processors are not installed on budget smartphones.

Therefore, here is a hint for those who are looking towards state employees: Qualcomm Snapdragon 615, Mediatek MT6795 (aka Helio X10) and Qualcomm Snapdragon 801 also perform well.

An example of a phone with the most powerful Qualcomm Snapdragon 820 processor to date is the OnePlus 3 with 4GB of RAM.

The cost of such a pleasure is 500-600 dollars (so far the model has not yet been published).

Tip #4: When choosing a phone, look at how much it dials in the programAnTuTu benchmark(this information can be easily found on the Internet). This will make it possible to really see how powerful this or that model is.

Criterion number 4. Working hours

How long the device can work depends directly on the battery. Battery capacity is measured in milliamps. Of course, the more, the better.

Approximately in phones with 2 GB of RAM and a processor frequency of 2 GHz, there should be at least 3000 mAh.

This will give the device the opportunity to work for about two days with a small number of games, a lot of Internet use and work with documents.

If you continuously play some heavy games, for example, GTA or Nova 3, then a device with 3000 mAh will last for about 6 hours.

But even on the most powerful phones rarely more than 4000 mAh. Yes, there are some "unusual" models with 5000 mAh, but they do not last long.

This is very clearly seen in the example of the Bravis Power phone. The phone has 4500 mAh, but there is practically no power and, judging by the reviews on the Internet, the phone works for about 4-5 months.

It costs 115 dollars. The combination of such a price and such a battery capacity raises many questions. And not in vain.

From the above, we can conclude the following: if the phone costs less than $ 150, and the battery capacity on it is more than 3000 mAh.

This is very strange and such a device is unlikely to work for more than a year.

On the other hand, manufacturers often try to save on this parameter and try to take the processor, RAM and other parameters.

Yes, on budget phones, a capacity of approximately 2000 mAh is allowed. After all, there all other elements do not consume so much energy.

Therefore, you can display a certain golden parameter.

Tip #5: The battery capacity should be between 2000 mAh and 4000 mAh.

Criterion number 5. Built-in memory

This setting determines how much data will fit on the phone.

Usually, on budget phones, manufacturers try to put no more than 16 GB, in more expensive phones there can be 32 GB and 64 GB.

But, looking at this parameter, you need to consider only one condition - is it possible to use a memory card.

If you can insert an additional card, then a small amount of internal memory is not a problem.

But it happens that there is no such possibility, and then it is the built-in memory that will play the main role.

However, there is also the possibility to use cloud storage, but then you will be tied to the Internet - if it is not there, then you will not see your files either.

Therefore, it is ideal that the phone has about 8 GB of internal memory and the ability to insert a memory card.

There is one more thing to say about the memory card. Often, manufacturers make the phone in such a way that it can accept SD cards of 200 GB - 1 TB.

The fact is that if the phone has too many files, about 100 GB, it will slow down and something will have to be deleted.

After all, even the powerful processor and a large amount of RAM is not enough to process this amount of information.

Accordingly, there is simply no point in too capacious memory cards.

Tip #6: Choose phones with the ability to insert a memory card up to 100 GB.

Criterion number 6. Camera

It is very easy to check how high-quality and clear a photo is on a particular phone.

To do this, you need to take a picture of something and maximize some part of the picture, that is, use the zoom function.

If the enlarged part of the picture is blurry, it turns out to be fuzzy, then this means that the camera on the phone is not of very high quality.

But sometimes there is no way to pick up the phone and “taste it”.

Then you need to look at two characteristics - the number of megapixels and aperture.

Today, almost all manufacturers of phones and cameras are trying to attract people with the number of megapixels.

This value reflects how many pixels form the image. But not only this characteristic affects the quality of the picture.

The size of the aperture or relative aperture also affects. The meaning of this quantity can be explained with an example.

Imagine that you are in the country, it is raining and you need to collect as much water as possible in some containers.

If you put an ordinary mug with a diameter of 15 cm, then not very many drops will fall into it, and the water will collect slowly.

But if you put a large bowl with a diameter of 50 cm, more drops will fall into it and the container will fill up much faster.

In the same way, the aperture reflects how much light enters the camera lens.

Aperture size is referred to as f/size. In the figure you can see the sizes of different apertures.

It becomes clear that the smaller this number, the larger the aperture, respectively, the more light it can catch and the better the pictures will be.

Megapixels + aperture

It is interesting that now on the Internet they write a lot about the fact that nothing at all depends on the number of megapixels and only the aperture affects the quality of the pictures.

In fact, this is not entirely true, because there have been cases when developers, using this myth, put few megapixels on phones, and made the aperture large, as a result, the pictures were not of very high quality.

Therefore, it is better to choose phones with a minimum “f /” value and with a maximum number of megapixels.

On the other hand, it is very rare to find a phone with a large number of megapixels and a large f / value, manufacturers combine these parameters.

According to these parameters, Samsung cameras perform very well. In general, this company has a lot of its own technologies, one of them concerns cameras.

The favorite in this respect is the Samsung Galaxy S6 with a 16 MP main camera and a 5 MP front camera.

To visualize this, here is a shot of a night landscape taken on an iPhone 6.

And here is a shot of the same area taken on the Samsung Galaxy S6.

Agree that the photo taken on the Samsung Galaxy S6 is brighter and more saturated. After all, it has more resolution, which allows you to see the smallest details in the picture.

Tip #7: When choosing a camera on your phone, be guided by a combination of megapixels and aperture.

At the same time, you should not pay attention to only one of these parameters, because often manufacturers, trying to deceive their customers, write only the number of megapixels or only the aperture (often the first one).

Criterion number 7. Screen

Everyone wants the picture on the phone to be bright and saturated too. But what to look for to choose such a phone? Brightness and saturation depend on four parameters:

• Diagonal.
• Permission.
• Pixel density.

Let's consider each of them in more detail.

Diagonal

This characteristic reflects the distance from one corner of the screen to the opposite corner. The figure below clearly shows this distance.

The screen size should be chosen depending on why you need a phone:

• for calls and basic functions - 3-4 inches;
• for Internet surfing and reading books - 4-5 inches;
• for games and watching movies - 5-6 inches.

Everything is very simple here.

Permission

Screen resolution is directly related to the diagonal in the following ratio:

• for a diagonal of 3-4 inches, the resolution can be 480x800;
• for a diagonal of 4-5 inches, the resolution can be 960x540;
• for everything else, the resolution can be 1280x720 (HD), 1920x1080 (FullHD) and 2560x1440 (QuadHD).

Of course, the higher the resolution, the clearer the picture will be.

Pixel Density

It is written as PPI (pixels per inch) and expresses how many pixels fit into one inch of the screen. It is clear that the higher this characteristic, the clearer the image should be.

Typically, manufacturers try to make the number of pixels per inch match the screen resolution.

So, on screens with a resolution of 1280x720 there can be up to 300 ppi. In principle, it makes no sense to choose a phone depending on this characteristic.

You need to look at the previous two parameters - diagonal and resolution. In addition, the next parameter is very important.

Screen type

To date, the most popular types of screens are the following:

• OLED
• AMOLED and Super AMOLED;
• AFFS.

In our area, you are unlikely to find phones with screens of the last two types, but in the West they are very popular.

It is very interesting that of the first three types, models with Super AMOLED screens perform best.

A phone with HD resolution and Super AMOLED screen will look much better than a model with Full HD resolution and IPS screen.

In particular, the viewing angles will be much better.

This setting means that you can look at the phone almost at right angles and still be able to see what is happening on the screen.

The figure shows a comparison of the two types.

Especially it concerns Samsung phones, where many of its unique technologies are applied, so Samsung with Super AMOLED is much better than any other phone with Super AMOLED.

However, other screens look quite good, and you should pay attention to this characteristic only if you really care about the saturation and clarity of the screen.

Tip #8: If saturation and brightness are important to you, choose a phone withSuper AMOLEDscreen.

Here is another photo that confirms that it is best to choose Super AMOLED screens.

The far left phone is here Sony Xperia Z Ultra with TRILUMINOS screen, second - Samsung Galaxy Note 3 with Super AMOLED, then comes the Sony Xperia Z1 with the same TRILUMINOS and the last one is the Lg G2 with IPS.

It is clear that Samsung looks better than the rest.

Criterion number 8. Phone brand

As for which brand of phone to choose, the following provisions will help with this:

• If it is important for you that the phone can be repaired in our area, then these are Samsung, Lenovo, Fly, Prestigio, Asus, Philips, Sony, Lg. The fact is that in the CIS countries there are certified centers that carry out repairs.
  The rest of the phones will need to be sent for repair, most likely to China, which means that you will have to pay about $ 150 for shipping. It turns out that the guarantee does not make any sense.
  You can, of course, find a local master, but then no one is responsible for the quality.
• If performance matters, then Xiaomi, Meizu, ZTE, Sony and the vast majority of other Chinese brands. In principle, Samsung shows itself well, but it costs more.
• If important good camera, then Samsung, Sony, Apple, Lg, HTC, Lumia and some Lenovo models.
• If usability is important, then all phones are operating system Android.
• If time is important, then DEXP, Fly, Philips, Highscreen, Lenovo and Samsung.
• If reliability is important (so that the phone does not break), then Sony, Samsung, Lg. Everything else most often fails after a year of use. Yes, if there are exceptions among the same Samsungs, but basically, all models work for at least 5 years.
• If you don’t want to spend a lot (“I want an inexpensive but good one”), then Xiaomi, Meizu and other Chinese brands.
• If you want to show that you have a lot of money, iPhone. The point is that some special characteristics these phones do not have, but are expensive due to advertising. Therefore, you should buy an iPhone only in cases where you just want to spend money.

In general, choosing a brand, you need to focus on what is important to each individual consumer.

Criterion number 9. Protective characteristics

I really want the phone not to break, withstand falling into water and other emergencies.

Of course, you can cover the phone with cases, protective films and generally wrap it in a film and wear it in a velvet container, but I want the phone itself to be able to withstand at least a fall to the ground.

Finding a smartphone with a high degree of security is very simple - usually “IP ...” is written in the characteristics, for example, “IP67”. This is the level of protection.

By the way, the most secure phones and have a degree of protection IP67. Therefore, if you plan to drop your gadget often, it must have “IP67” on it.

An example of such a device is the Samsung Galaxy xCover S5690, which can withstand getting into water, being in the ground and can even survive being run over by a car!

Tip #9: If you care about the durability of your phone, choose devices with an IP67 rating.

But even without this level of protection, a mobile phone may well be reliable if it has a special protective glass Gorilla Glass.

This glass has a high degree of resistance to scratches and impacts.

With such glass, no additional protection is required.

Of course, if the phone is run over by a car, the screen will still crack, but it will withstand a fall on an asphalt road calmly.

But even if the phone does not initially have such a protective glass, you can always buy additional glass.

But here it is important not to make a mistake and not to buy a regular film, you need to choose glass!

Tip #10: Choose a phone with protective glass Gorilla Glass or buy additional glass right away with your phone.

In addition, when choosing a reliable phone, it is important to look at the case material.

It is best, of course, to buy devices with a metal case. But good plastic in a high-quality protective case will also withstand a blow to the ground.

Results

If you want to hear an expert's opinion on what phones you can buy this year, then experts agree that the most interesting models in terms of all characteristics will be the following:

• Samsung S7- 4 GB of RAM, 2.3 GHz processor frequency, 32 or 64 GB of internal memory, 12 MP camera and 3000/3600 mAh and, most importantly, a curved display.
  In principle, the popularity of the phone will be due to an unusual display. But all the other characteristics please. Such a pleasure costs about 900 dollars.

• Xiaomi Redmi Note 3 And Samsung Galaxy J7. The undoubted leaders of phones in the budget category (under $300). Both have a diagonal of 5.5 inches and 16 GB of internal memory. Samsung has a 13 megapixel camera, but it shoots better than Xiaomi.
  Random access memory Xiaomi has 2 GB, Samsung has 1.5 GB. In AnTuTu, the first scores about 50,000 marks, and the second - 41,000. Samsung wins due to better display. If performance is important to you, choose Xiaomi.

• Sony Xperia Z5. 5.1-5.9 inches screen (depending on modification), 28 MP main camera, 4200 mAh and water resistance - all in the best traditions of Sony. The cost is about 800 dollars.

You can learn about the most purchased smartphones as of the beginning of 2017 from the video below.

Top 10 SMARTPHONES in early 2016

How to choose a phone - Main selection criteria

Today I want to talk a little about mobile phones, although in modern world This probably sounds more like a joke 🙂 , but still...

New technologies are increasingly penetrating our lives. And the mobile phone has already ceased to be a rarity and an accessory for the elite. Today mobile communication used by almost everyone, from schoolchildren to pensioners. Accordingly, the demand for mobile phones is growing year by year. And manufacturers are not asleep, offering more and more new models. It can be very difficult for an inexperienced user to find exactly the device that is needed in this variety of models. Therefore, there are cases when, after a purchase, a person realizes that he took absolutely the wrong device that he wanted.

Monoblock, clamshell or slider?

The appearance of the tube is the first thing you pay attention to. Currently, there are 3 main types of case: classic (monoblock), clamshell and slider. Note that these form factors appeared in full accordance with the order in which they are listed. By the way, it is no secret that there are also tubes with a different appearance, for example, a rotary device, but they have not received wide distribution, so it makes no sense to single them out in a separate group.