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Types of compasses and their use. Compass in the modern world: the desired thing or outdated item. Can GPS receiver replace compass

There are several types of compasses, with which it is possible not only to determine the parties of the light, such as South, North, East, West, but also to determine the angles when shooting locally, etc. Compassas can be both mechanical consisting of a magnetized metal arrow indicating the direction to the north and electronic with an electronic processor and the display to output information on the screen. Electronic compasses can show not only direction, but also a different traveler information. Actually about what kind of types of compasses, we will tell you in this topic. We recommend reading

Types of magnetic compasses

Tourist compass - The usual tourist compass, consists of a round box, in the very center of which the magnetic arrow rotates, the end of which shows north. At the edges of the compass box, a rotating scale with digital decisions of azimuth degrees is installed. The tourist compass is hermetic with liquid content or not hermetic. One of the types of tourist compasses is the compass of Andrianova. The type of tourist compasses is very large, they differ both in size and for other additions, for example, the thermometer is built into the compass strap, and the like.

Military compass

The military compass has the same characteristics as the tourist, but a ruler is located in the compass in addition, the compass is made of metal, has a visitor device, a magnifying lens. With the help of a military compass, you can accurately determine the azimuth of the directions and make more accurate movement at the specified direction of your path. We recommend reading

Geological compass - In a geological compass, in contrast to a regular compass, the division of the direction of the direction is located not clockwise, and counterclockwise. The compass has a clinometer and semi-clip in its device, with which you can determine the angles of the fall of layers of rocks.

Gyroscopic compass - A gyroscopic compass has a gyroscope device in its base, thanks to which the compass shows not on the magnetic pole of the Earth, but to the true pole. A gyroscopic compass is installed on marine and river vessels, aircraft. Such a compass is more stable and has the ability to determine the direction when swinging.

Astronomical compass - The type of compass allows you to determine the direction of the parties of the light with the help of astronomical luminaries, stars. The compass is quite accurate, but has a flaw in the form of the need for celestial shining, i.e. This compass does not work during the day. We recommend reading

Compass Busol - is a geodesist tool that allows you to measure the corners when shooting locations, is also used to guide artillery. (types and variety of compasses)

Types of electronic compasses

Radio Compass - This compass, in contrast to a regular tourist compass, indicates the direction not on the part side, but the direction to the radiation object of radio waves. It was widely used in aviation for spatial orientation during flights, after the advent of GPS, this type of compass is slowly coming out of use.

Tourist compass - Unlike magnetic compass, the electronic compass has a magnetic arrow, but completely consists of electronics. The directions of the parties are determined by magnetic attractions that determines electronic circuits. In these compasses, various programs can be built into the compass, ranging from the clock, ending with the video. We recommend reading

Powder, typography, paper and compass ... It is believed that these things were "four great Chinese inventions", which influenced today's picture of the civilized world. Deny the benefit of the device capable of determining the parties of the world, ridiculous, but is it necessary a compass now when satellite connection, Navigators, geo-targeting in each smartphone and the overall level of technology development offer perfect ways to solve the same tasks? Maybe the compass place in the museum next to the astrolabe and the model of the ancient galleys?

Historical reference

This subject is known for mankind for a very long time: the first mentions about the compass relate to the times of the Chinese Sun dynasty (10-13 centuries AD), when the arrow planted on the vertical axis began to help navigate in the desert.

The marine compass was first described in the XIII century, and since the times of Middle Ages began to be actively used by European travel ships. Before learn to use the magnetic attraction of the Earth for their own purposes, the Chinese did the so-called "chariots pointing to the south" - the most complicated non-magnetic navigation devices, the action of which was based on principle feedback. With the invention of the compass, it became possible to quickly and easily understand which way to move.

How the compass is arranged

In origin, the current name is obliged to the Staroangalian Word "Compass", in the XIII-XIV centuries, the "circle" designated. Even second-graders today are known that "the compass shows where the north", but how does he do it?

The device is due to the presence of a magnetic field in the Earth, along the power axes of which (parallel to them) pulls the compass arrow. This contributes to magnets located inside the instrument. Actually, the metal shooter - and there is this magnet, one side is repelled, and the other is attracting to the planet, like two small magnets in the children's game. Depending on the type of compass, the arrow can swim in the liquid (known focus with a needle and a piece of paper, in fact, primitive navigation instrument), work using a frame with windings (as an electric generator) or gyroscopes.

A classic magnetic compass is a plastic or brass rounded box. In her center - pin from steel, on which the arrow rotates (it is magnetized). It is usually installed a piece of agate or other material that reduces the friction between the pin and the arrow. A glass design is closed, and under the arrow pointer there is a brake lever, fixing it in a non-working position.

On the "dial", that is, the bottom of the box is located - a label with divisions from 0 to 360 ° (with a pitch of 5-15 °), the sides of the horizon and the diameters perpendicular to each other. Traditionally, the arrow is painted in two colors: the cold blue will point to the north, and the red - on the hot south, but there are arrows, just pointed or marked on the one hand. The sides of the world are most often indicated by Latin letters: N - North, S - South, W - West and E - East.

Types of compasses

Often, small compasses are supplied with a strap so that they can be worn as a clock, and large - placed in a casing case that protects the device from damage and moisture. It is easy to determine the location: you need to release the brake, and the arrow, having stopped rotating, will indicate the direction. It is worth remembering about interference near the power lines, the canvas of railways, etc.

In addition to basic, other varieties of the device are known:

Magnetic compasses. Tourist (for example, once the popular Andrianova compass is a classic sample of magnetic interactions), military, more accurately determining azimuth. In them, in addition to the scale, there is also a ruler, visiers, magnifying lenses.

Geological, mountain compasses, brandon compass. The scale is located counterclockwise. The device is mounted on a rectangular plate (brass or plastic), is used to determine the inclined angles of the fall of the rock layers. In such compasses there are halflimb and a clinometer (plumbing).

Gyroscopic compasses. They work with the help of gyroscopes and show the direction not on the magnetic, but to the true pole of the Earth. Installed such devices for maritime ships and aircraft, because They are resistant to shaking, swinging (for the same purposes, the Pelorus is intended - the console under the compass, which is installed on it in the cardanov suspension);

Exotic options. Astronomical Compass, determining the position of the stars, Bususol - geodesic variety for measuring angles when shooting on the ground and others.

Electronic modern modifications. They determine the coordinates through navigation satellite systems (you must at least three satellites) and are equipped with a plurality of programs that convert the compass into a powerful multifunction device.

What is needed by a compass in modern reality

The main property, which distinguishes an ordinary magnetic compass from other instruments and makes it indispensable even in our technological age, is its absolute independence from any external power sources. To determine the location, you will not need a battery or power grid, you can not be afraid that satellite system It will be out of standing, the electronics will pay, and the complex schemes will stop working.

We need a compass, first of all where there is no connection, electricity and civilization: in distant tourist campaigns, travels to the protected corners, a little earned or unfamiliar area. In order not to depend on the circumstances, athletes and tourists, only a compass and a map are needed - and the usual person representing approximately where it is located, and who wants to go to civilization, you can do without cards.

Modern compasses with GPS will also be useful in the journey - it's worth stocking and this, and traditional varieties (if the electronic can still have batteries), as well as a set of cards. In order to handle the electronic compass, you need to have the skill of such work, and the unprepared people are better not to start acquaintance with him right in the campaign. For the mountains it is worth choosing sports and climbing models that offer specialized stores. This indispensable device is too early to write down on the "landfill" of history - like any simple and ingenious invention, it is able to rescue where complex schemes do not work.

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Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

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Types of compasses

Introduction

The history of the compass begins in China. In the III century BC Chinese philosopher Hen Fei-Tzu described the device of the modern compass to him, which was called the Sonny, which means "the south-eyed": he had a view of a loose spoon made of magnetite with a thin stalk and a spoon, carefully polished convex part. This convex part of the spoon was installed on an equally careful polished copper or wooden plate, so the cutlets did not touch the plate, and hung freely over her, and at the same time the spoon could easily rotate around the axis of its convex base. On the plate there were designations of the countries of light in the form of cyclic zodiac signs. While pushing the stalk of the spoon, it was led to a rotational movement. Having calmed down, the compass pointed out a stalk (who played the role of a magnetic arrow) exactly south. The form of the bucket was not chosen by chance. She copied the form of the constellation of a large bear, called in China "Heavenly Burst" (Tien Dow). This was the most ancient device to determine the parties of the world. The disadvantage of such a compass was that magnetite is poorly processed and very fragile. In addition, the "victational south" was not accurate enough, due to strong friction between the bucket and the surface of the board. In the XI century, a floating arrow of the compass made from an artificial magnet appeared. The Chinese found that the effect of magnetization is observed both in contact with the iron with a magnet and when cooling heated to the redness of the iron piece. The magnetized compass was manufactured in the form of an iron fish. She heated hot and descended into a vessel with water. . Here she swims freely, pointing his head in the one side where the south was located. With secondary heating, the fish lost its magnetic properties. The mention of such compass is available in the treatise "Fundamentals of the Military Court" ("Jin Tzunyao"), written in 1044. Several varieties of compass invented in the same XI century Chinese scientist Shen Gua (1030-1094), who worked a lot on the study of properties magnetic arrow. He suggested, for example, to magnetize the natural magnet ordinary sewing needle, then attach it with wax in the center of the hull to the freely hanging silk thread. This compass pointed out the direction more precisely than floating, since he experienced much less resistance at its turn. Another design of the compass proposed by Shen Gua was even closer to modern: the magnetized needle was sitting on the heel. During his experiments, Shen Gua found that the compass arrow shows not exactly south, but with some deviation, and correctly explained the reason for this phenomenon by the fact that the magnetic and geographical meridians do not coincide with each other, but form an angle. Scientists who lived after Shen Gua were already able to calculate this angle (it is called magnetic declination) for various areas of China. In Europe, the phenomenon of magnetic decline was first noticed by Columbus during its swimming through the Atlantic Ocean, i.e. For four centuries later than Shen Gua described. In the XI century, many Chinese ships were equipped with floating compasses. They were usually installed on the nose and on the stern of ships, so the captains in any weather could keep the right course, conforming to their instructions. In this form, the Chinese compass in the XII century borrowed Arabs. At the beginning of the XIII century, the "floating needle" became known to the Europeans. It was the first to adopted the Italian sailors from the Arabs. From them, the compass moved to the Spaniards, Portuguese and French, and later to the Germans and the British. At first, the compass consisted of a magnetized needle and a piece of wood (cork), which was floating in a vessel with water. Soon they guessed to close this vessel with glass to protect the float from the wind action.

COMPASS

The device for determining horizontal directions on the ground. It is used to determine the direction in which the marine, aircraft, ground, is moving vehicle; directions in which a pedestrian goes; Directions on some object or landmark. Compassuses are divided into two main classs: magnetic compasses type of shooter, which use topographers and tourists, and non-magnetic, such as gyrocompass and radio compasses.

Spanish Marine Compass, 1853

Card compass.To determine the directions in the compute, there is a card - a circular scale with 360 divisions (corresponding to one angular degree each) marked so that the countdown is from zero clockwise. The direction to the north (Nord, N, or C) usually corresponds to 0, east (OST, O, E, or B) - 90, south (South, S, or Yu) - 180, west (West, W, or h) - 270. These are the main Compass Rumba (Light Countries). Between them are "Quarter" Rumba: Nord-Ost, or C-B (45), South Ost, or Yu-in (135), South West, or Yu-Z (225) and Nord-West, or with -Z (315). Between the main and fourteest, 16 "main" rumbuses, such as Nord-Nord-Ost and Nord-Nord-West (there were no time for another 16 Rumbers, such as Nord-Shadow-West, called just Rumbami).

Magnetic compass

Operating principle.In the instrument indicating the direction, there must be a kind of reference direction, from which all others would be counted. In a magnetic compass, the line connects the North and South Poles of the Earth. In this direction, the magnetic rod is installed in this direction, if it is suspended so that it can be freely rotated in the horizontal plane. The fact is that in the magnetic field of the Earth on the magnetic rod acts the rotating pair of forces, setting it in the direction of the magnetic field. In a magnetic compass, the role of such a rod is played by the magnetized arrow, which, when measured itself, is installed in parallel to the magnetic field of the Earth.

Switching compass.This is the most common type of magnetic compass. It is often used in the pocket version. In the shooting compass, there is a thin magnetic arrow, installed freely at its midpoint on the vertical axis, which allows it to turn in the horizontal plane. The north end of the arrow is marked, and the curtain coaxially is fixed with it. When measuring the compass, it is necessary to keep in hand or set on a tripod so that the arrow's rotation plane is strictly horizontal. Then the northern end of the arrow will point to the northern magnetic pole of the Earth. A compass adapted for topographers is a delayer device, i.e. Device for measuring azimuth. It is usually equipped with a visual pipe, which is rotated to align with the desired object, to then read the object anosis of the object.

Fig. 3. Liquid (ship) compass, the most accurate and stable of all types of magnetic compass. 1 - holes for overflow of the compass fluid during its expansion; 2 - fill cork; 3 - stone groove; 4 - inner ring of universal hinge; 5 - Cartushka; 6 - glass cap; 7 - Currency marker; 8 - axis of the card; 9 - float; 10 - Currency Disk; 11 - magnet; 12 - bowler; 13 - expansion chamber.

The cartoon floats on the surface of the compass fluid. Liquid, in addition, soothes the curtain vibrations caused by swing. Water is not suitable for the ship compass, as it freezes. A mixture of 45% of ethyl alcohol with 55% distilled water was used, a mixture of glycerol with distilled water or a high-purity oil distillate.

The compass bowler is cast from bronze and is equipped with a glass cap with a seal that excludes the possibility of leakage. In the top of the kitten, azimuth, or a delayer, ring is fixed. It allows you to determine the direction to various objects relative to the course of the vessel. The compass bowler is fixed in its suspension on the internal ring of a universal (cardan) hinge, in which it can turn freely, keeping horizontal position, in pitching conditions.

The compass bowler is fixed in such a way that its special arrow or label, called coursework, or a black line, called a course line, indicates the nose of the vessel. When the course of the vessel is changed, the compass card is held in place by magnets, invariably retain their north-south direction. Upon displacement of the course label or features relative to the cart you can control the changes in the course.

Liquid compass

Compass amendment

The correction of the compass is the deviation of its testimony from true Nord (North). Its reasons are the deviation of the magnetic arrow and magnetic decline.

Deviation.The compass shows on the so-called. Compass, and not on magnetic Nord (northern magnetic pole), and the corresponding angular difference in directions is called deviation. It is due to the presence of local magnetic fields imposed on the magnetic field of the Earth. The local magnetic field can create a vessel body, cargo, major masses of iron ores located near the compass, and other objects. The correct direction is obtained, given the amendment for deviation in the compass testimony. Compass Magnetic deviation

Ship magnetism.Local magnetic fields created by the vessel body and covered by the concept of ship magnetism are divided into variables and constant. Variable ship magnetism is guided in the steel case of the vessel by the magnetic field of the Earth. The tension of the variable ship magnetism varies depending on the course of the vessel and from geographic latitude. Permanent ship magnetism is presented in the process of building the vessel when under the influence of vibration caused, for example, riveting operations, steel cover becomes a permanent magnet. Tensions and polarity (direction) of permanent ship magnetism depend on the location (latitude) and the orientation of the vessel body during its assembly. Permanent magnetism is partially lost after the shutter of the ship on the water and after it hits the stormy sea. In addition, it varies somewhat in the process of "aging" of the body, but its changes are significantly reduced after the operation of the vessel during the year.

Ship magnetism can be decomposed on three mutually perpendicular components: longitudinal (relative to the vessel), cross horizontal and transverse vertical. The deviations of the magnetic arrow, due to ship magnetism, adjust, placing permanent magnets, parallel to these components near the compass.

Binnacle.The ship compass is usually installed in a universal hinge on a special stand, called the tonacea (Fig. 4). The hopes are hard and reliably attached to the deck of the vessel, usually on the middle line of the latter. The magnets compensating for the influence of ship magnetism, and the protective cap is fixed, and the protective cap for the compass with the inner illuminator curtains is fixed. Earlier, the NTOs was performed in the form of a carved figure from a tree, but on modern ships it is just a cylindrical stand

Fig. 4. Nonhose, stand for the ship compass. The fourth spheres and coursework compensate for the influence of ship magnetism. 1 - term magnet; 2 - Currency marker; 3 - Protective Cap; 4 - fourth sphere; 5 - compass bowler; 6 - Magnets.

Map of decline.Magnetic declination varies in time and from point to point on the earth's surface. As a result of the measurements of the magnetic field of the Earth, deposit cards were obtained, which give the magnitude of magnetic decline and the rate of its change in different areas. The contours of zero magnetic decline on such maps emanating from the northern magnetic pole are called agonical lines or agones, and the contours of equal magnetic decline - isogonic or isogones.

Accounting compass correction.Currently finding a whole range in different ways accounting of a compass correction. All of them are equally good, and therefore it is enough to bring for example only one adopted in the US Navy. The deviations and magnetic declines to the east are considered positive, and west are negative. Calculations are made according to the following formulas:

Magn. eg Comp. eg Deviation,

Comp. eg Magn. eg Declination.

L.itera

1. Kozhukhov V.P. and etc. Magnetic compasses. M., 1981.

2. Nechaev P.A., Grigoriev V.V. Magnetic compass business. M., 1983.

3. Degterev N.D. Eastern magnetic compasses. L., 1984.

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COMPASS
The device for determining horizontal directions on the ground. It is used to determine the direction in which the marine, aircraft, ground vehicle moving; directions in which a pedestrian goes; Directions on some object or landmark. Compassuses are divided into two main classs: magnetic compasses type of shooter, which use topographers and tourists, and non-magnetic, such as gyrocompass and radio compasses.
Card compass. To determine the directions in the compute, there is a carte (Fig. 1) - a circular scale with 360 divisions (corresponding to one angular degree each) marked so that the countdown is from zero clockwise. The direction to the north (Nord, N, or C) usually corresponds to 0 °, east (OST, O, E, or C) - 90 °, south (South, S, or Yu) - 180 °, west (West , W, or h) - 270 °. These are the main Compass Rumba (Light Countries). Between them are "Quarter" Rumba: Nord-Ost, or C-in (45 °), Syid-Ost, or Yu-B (135 °), South West, or Yu-Z (225 °) and Nord-West , or C-s (315 °). Between the main and fourteest, 16 "main" rumbuses, such as Nord-Nord-Ost and Nord-Nord-West (there were no time for another 16 Rumbers, such as Nord-Shadow-West, called just Rumbami).

Magnetic compass
Operating principle. In the instrument indicating the direction, there must be a kind of reference direction, from which all others would be counted. In a magnetic compass, the line connects the North and South Poles of the Earth. In this direction, the magnetic rod is installed in this direction, if it is suspended so that it can be freely rotated in the horizontal plane. The fact is that in the magnetic field of the Earth on the magnetic rod acts the rotating pair of forces, setting it in the direction of the magnetic field. In a magnetic compass, the role of such a rod is played by the magnetized arrow, which, when measured itself, is installed in parallel to the magnetic field of the Earth.
Switching compass. This is the most common type of magnetic compass. It is often used in the pocket version. In the shooting compute (Fig. 2) there is a thin magnetic arrow installed freely at its midpoint on the vertical axis, which allows it to turn in the horizontal plane. The north end of the arrow is marked, and the curtain coaxially is fixed with it. When measuring the compass, it is necessary to keep in hand or set on a tripod so that the arrow's rotation plane is strictly horizontal. Then the northern end of the arrow will point to the northern magnetic pole of the Earth. A compass adapted for topographers is a delayer device, i.e. Device for measuring azimuth. It is usually equipped with a visual pipe, which is rotated to align with the desired object, to then read the object anosis of the object.

Liquid compass. Liquid compass, or a compass with a floating carte, is the most accurate and stable of all magnetic compasses. It is often used on maritime courts and therefore is called ships. The designs of such a compass are diverse; In a typical embodiment, it is a "pot" liquid (Fig. 3), in which an aluminum carte is fixed on the vertical axis. On different sides of the axis to the cartus, the pair or two pairs of magnets are attached from below. In the center of the Cartushki there is a hollow hemispherical ledge - a float, weakening the pressure on the axis support (when the kittel is filled with compass liquid). The axis of the cart, missed through the center of the float, relies on the stone backbone, is usually made from synthetic sapphire. The bummer is fixed on a fixed disk with the "course line". At the bottom of the cabin there are two holes through which the liquid can be blown into the expansion chamber, compensating for changes in pressure and temperature. The cartoon floats on the surface of the compass fluid. Liquid, in addition, soothes the curtain vibrations caused by swing. Water is not suitable for the ship compass, as it freezes. A mixture of 45% of ethyl alcohol with 55% distilled water was used, a mixture of glycerol with distilled water or a high-purity oil distillate. The compass bowler is cast from bronze and is equipped with a glass cap with a seal that excludes the possibility of leakage. In the top of the kitten, azimuth, or a delayer, ring is fixed. It allows you to determine the direction to various objects relative to the course of the vessel. The compass bowler is fixed in its suspension on the inner ring of a universal (cardan) hinge, in which it can be freely rotated, while maintaining a horizontal position, in pitching conditions. The compass bowler is fixed in such a way that its special arrow or label, called coursework, or a black line, called a course line, indicates the nose of the vessel. When the course of the vessel is changed, the compass card is held in place by magnets, invariably retain their north-south direction. Upon displacement of the course label or features relative to the cart you can control the changes in the course.
Compass amendment
The correction of the compass is the deviation of its testimony from true Nord (North). Its reasons are the deviation of the magnetic arrow and magnetic decline.
Deviation. The compass shows on the so-called. Compass, and not on magnetic Nord (northern magnetic pole), and the corresponding angular difference in directions is called deviation. It is due to the presence of local magnetic fields imposed on the magnetic field of the Earth. The local magnetic field can create a vessel body, cargo, major masses of iron ores located near the compass, and other objects. The correct direction is obtained, given the amendment for deviation in the compass testimony.
Ship magnetism. Local magnetic fields created by the vessel body and covered by the concept of ship magnetism are divided into variables and constant. Variable ship magnetism is guided in the steel case of the vessel by the magnetic field of the Earth. The tension of the variable ship magnetism varies depending on the course of the vessel and from geographic latitude. Permanent ship magnetism is presented in the process of building the vessel when under the influence of vibration caused, for example, riveting operations, steel cover becomes a permanent magnet. Tensions and polarity (direction) of permanent ship magnetism depend on the location (latitude) and the orientation of the vessel body during its assembly. Permanent magnetism is partially lost after the shutter of the ship on the water and after it hits the stormy sea. In addition, it varies somewhat in the process of "aging" of the body, but its changes are significantly reduced after the operation of the vessel during the year. Ship magnetism can be decomposed on three mutually perpendicular components: longitudinal (relative to the vessel), cross horizontal and transverse vertical. The deviations of the magnetic arrow, due to ship magnetism, adjust, placing permanent magnets, parallel to these components near the compass.
Binnacle. The ship compass is usually installed in a universal hinge on a special stand, called the tonacea (Fig. 4). The hopes are hard and reliably attached to the deck of the vessel, usually on the middle line of the latter. The magnets compensating for the influence of ship magnetism, and the protective cap is fixed, and the protective cap for the compass with the inner illuminator curtains is fixed. Earlier, the tonuses were performed in the form of a carved figure from a tree, but on modern ships it is just a cylindrical stand.

Magnetic declination. Magnetic declination is an angular difference between magnetic and true Nord, due to the fact that the magnetic northern pole of the Earth is shifted by 2100 km relatively true, geographical.
Map of decline. Magnetic declination varies in time and from point to point on the earth's surface. As a result of the measurements of the magnetic field of the Earth, deposit cards were obtained, which give the magnitude of magnetic decline and the rate of its change in different areas. The contours of zero magnetic decline on such maps emanating from the northern magnetic pole are called agonical lines or agones, and the contours of equal magnetic decline - isogonic or isogones.
Accounting compass correction. Currently, the use of a number of different ways to account for the compass correction. All of them are equally good, and therefore it is enough to bring for example only one adopted in the US Navy. The deviations and magnetic declines to the east are considered positive, and west are negative. Calculations are made according to the following formulas: Magn. eg \u003d Comp. eg + Deviation,
Comp. eg \u003d Magn. eg + Declination.
LITERATURE
Kozhukhov V.P. and others. Magnetic compasses. M., 1981 Nechaev P.A., Grigoriev V.V. Magnetic compass business. M., 1983 Degterev N.D. Arrow magnetic compasses. L., 1984.

The encyclopedia of the colley. - Open Society. 2000 .

Synonyms:

Watch what is a "compass" in other dictionaries:

Compass - Get on academic Active coupon Trueport or profitable compass to buy at a low price on the sale in the technical

compass - A, m. Compas (De Mer), goal. Kompas, IT. Compasso. 1. The instrument with the magnetized arrow to determine the countries of the world. Sl. 18. Compass Eating an arrow of acknowledged by a magnet that turns around at midnight. Lex. Vokabulam new. // Smorgon Terms 77. ... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicalism Russian Language

SAD Type Developer ASKON written on C ++ Windows OS (XP / Vista) Version V11 (2009) Website ... Wikipedia

Manufacturer ... Wikipedia

The device for determining the position of this subject or direction of its movement relative to the countries of the light, using a magnetic arrow freely lying on the stem. A dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Pavlekov F., ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Manufacturer ... Wikipedia

In the GPS Navigation Epoch, tourists often neglect the card and compass. But it is important not to forget that the GPS receiver cannot replace them, so the satellite signal is not required for their work. Detailed topographic map and compass are still primary devices for navigating in the wilderness.

The compass helps to navigate the map, find objects and determine location. Of course you can travel a certain time And do not look at it, but if you turn the wrong side or the storm will begin, then in this case the compass with the map suddenly turns out to be one of the most important items in your.

The ability to navigate the map and the compass is the most important skill, especially if you travel away from roads. Let's then consider how to choose the compass.

Types of liquid compasses.

In liquid compasses, in contrast to digital, the magnetized arrow is used, which is aligned relative to the magnetic field of the Earth. The arrow housings are often filled with liquid, which gives the arrow stability, thereby allowing to accurately determine its readings.

Types of computers:

Basic models of compasses. This is a good inexpensive choice for beginners of adventure seekers, daytime travelers and tourists who mostly hold routes. Such compasses have all the most important components, but do not have additional details, such as: adjustment of deviations and mirrors. An example is the SUUNTO A10 compass model.

Multifunctional compasses. These are full-featured models with lots additional features (for example, a mirror, magnifying glass) that improve accuracy and facilitating navigation. They are quite expensive, but will suit you if you regularly travel away from the routes or somewhere in the outback. An example is the Silva Ranger Cl Compass model.

Compasses accessories. This type of computers is often found on the rings for keys, clock or in the form of small round compasses without a substrate. They definitely indicate the magnetic north, but more for fun and rapid data receiving than for serious navigation. An example is the model of the Rei Therm-O compass.

Composite parts of basic models of compasses.

When navigating with a compass, tourists usually use the "substrate" or "orientation" of the compass. "Orientation" refers to the definition of your accurate position; "Navigation" is the process of determining your destination and the direction of your movement to this object.

The most common details of the basic models of the computers include:

Magnetic compass arrow: This is usually a swivel arrow with a red end. This end indicates the strongest magnetic field, as a rule, is the northern magnetic pole. "Magnetic North" is different from the "real north" - the geographical North Pole, where all the lines of longitude agree. Magnetic North is one of the two magnetic poles of the earth, located in the area of \u200b\u200bthe chain of the islands in the Canadian part of the Arctic. The real North Pole and the magnetic north are divided by more than 1600 kilometers. Working with the card, you must compensate for the difference between the real and magnetic north. This can be done in various ways.
Capsule filled with liquid: The housing or dial in which the arrow is located and the shock absorbing fluid. This non-freezing fluid slows down the movement of the arrow and stops it faster than in the housing filled with air. At high altitude or at low temperature, the liquid can compress and form bubbles. Bubbles do not affect accuracy. They disappear when the compass is again in normal conditions.
Rotating bezel (or azimuthal ring): This is a ring with degrees marked on it from 0 to 360 (preferably with steps 2 degrees). It surrounds the outer edge of the compass capsule. The smaller the interval between degrees on the rim, the easier it is to determine the accurate bearing. Belayer or Azimuth is the direction you want to follow (expressed in degrees). This is the angle relative to the north.
Substrate and ruler: The substrate is a rectangular transparent basis on which the capsule is placed. Equipped with a scale with a scale in inches and centimeters engraved at the "smooth edges" of the substrate. They are useful when measuring distances on the map. Try to choose a compass with the scale you prefer to use. The usual topographic map is 1: 24000 (used by American geological service) and 1: 250000. Long straight edge is useful for applying directions to the card.
Orienting Arrow and Parallel Meridian Lines (North-South Lines): Located on the bottom of the compass case. The non-magnetic director of the arrow is usually red, red as well as the Meridian lines, which you align with the Lines of North-South on topographic maps and which help relate a compass with the card.
Index line or movement line: Located at the bottom of the compass capsule. This is the point on the compass dial, with which you install or define your current readings.

Parts of a multifunction compass.

The most common details of most multifunction compasses include:

Deviation correction: A more complex orienting arrow, which can be aligned to display the "magnetic deviation" in the zone of your trip. (There is a difference between the real and magnetic north).
In most cases, there is a special locking mechanism using a small screw located on a compass case or next to it. When the orienting arrow is fixed, it becomes no longer parallel to the north-south lines; Instead, she is aimed at rejecting the route of your trip. This will allow you to easily align the magnetic arrow with the magnetic north taking into account your location. On every new journey you need to re-fix this arrow.
At the same time, the fixed orienting arrow requires you "defined calculations" and manual adjustment for each new dimension. (Some use pieces of adhesive tape to mark the angle of deviations on inexpensive compasses). The adjustable arrow is only necessary to "install and forget". Very comfortable device.
Magnifying lenses: Small magnifying lenses installed on the substrate. Convenient when reading small characters on the map.
Victory mirror: This unfolding mechanism improves the ability to determine the exact data. When your mirror is partially folded, you can watch through the hole (sight) on its top. This allows you to simultaneously see your direction and benchmark that is at a distance. It can also serve as an emergency signal and as an ordinary mirror.
Glowing dial: Very good, when during the night travel ends of the compass magnetic arrow, or pointers of the four ends of light on the compass are glowing.
Clinometer: Allows you to measure the vertical angle (steepness) of the slope. It is useful for assessing the danger of avalanche and height of objects.
Global arrow: Useful feature For those who are subject to conquer the southern hemisphere. Due to abnormalities in the magnetic fields of the Earth, the arrow of the compass, designed to spin freely in North America, can stall in other parts of the world. The compass with the global arrow fills these deviations and allows the compass arrow freely spinning around the world.
Strap: It is a piece of cord that allows you to attach a compass to the belt, package or wrist for more convenient orientation.

Electronic compasses.

Digital compasses offer almost the same features as liquid compasses, but thanks to digital screens, they are more convenient for reading. They feed on the battery and require calibration. Not so reliable as traditional liquid compasses. If you have chosen a digital compass for navigation, you always have spare batteries with you.

Can a GPS receiver replace the compass?

Compass and satellite receiver of the global positioning system are complementary tools. The compass has a function that is not in the GPS device - it can show the directions of the magnetic north. GPS receivers more high Quality Almost always equipped with electronic compass. However, GPS receivers are still powered by the battery, which can be discharged at any time. Compass, which relies exclusively on the magnetic force of the Earth, is deprived of this shortage. Thus, even if you chose a GPS device as the main navigation tool, you still need to purchase a compass.

GPS receivers are great devices. They are designed to estimate the direction of movement by calculating the difference between your current position and the end point. They can also inform you your current location, without relying on visible guidelines that are necessary for the compass. This is a big advantage in snowy or foggy days.

The GPS receiver has another advantage compared to the compass. If you follow the compass and to bypass obstacles, deviate from the route, then you will need to carefully track your movement. It is necessary to determine the path you had to do when around bypass obstacles. By passing an obstacle, you may need to adjust your direction on the compass, but key benchmarks may be no longer visible. With the GPS device, you can easily get the necessary direction and re-set the compass in accordance with the changed route line.

Black metals can distort the compass readings, so do not use it near your car, cameras or other metal objects. Magnetic interference can easily distort the compass readings. So, if you draw a card at a picnic table, then make sure that your compass does not affect the bolts or brackets. They may affect the accuracy of the data. Electric fields (for example, a car engine) may also worsen the accuracy of the compass (this applies to both liquid and digital compasses).
Be careful with choosing a compass storage location. For example, do not put a compass on stereoolones that are equipped with powerful magnets, or in places with strong electric shock. Do not put the compass in the pocket next to your mobile phone. Over time, the impact mobile phone Can demaging the arrow. Since the compass for finding the North responds to the magnetic fields next to it, it is very important that there are no magnetic fields, except the magnetic field of the Earth.
Be aware of regional magnetic zones. It is necessary not only to configure the level of "deviation" of the compass, but also to know the appropriate latitude. In general, there are 5 different magnetic zones on Earth. These zones can cause an improper work of the compass arrow, affecting the accuracy of the direction of direction. The entire territory of the United States of America is within one magnetic zone.
Most compasses have an arrow with a slightly broken balance. It works fine as long as you stay within your latitude. If you visit the place, the latitude of which is very different (for example, the southern hemisphere) your compass may not work correctly. Some compasses are specially designed to work anywhere on the planet.
The four main directions shown in the compass - north, south, west, east - are known as the parties of the world. The compass dial is sometimes referred to as a compass rose.
Belayerg (also known as Azimuth) is expressed in degrees and refers to the direction of the path, according to which you follow the point of your destination.
To avoid confusion when communicating with other people, it is useful to express all the data regarding the North. For example: 30 degrees; 10 magnetic degrees.

Navigation with the card and compass.

Map and compass make it possible to perform four main dimensions:

define directions;
follow directions;
measure direction on the map;
plan directions on the map.

In the end, there is no replacement of practice, if your goal is to improve your navigation skills. Here are some additional steps that can be taken to teach land oriented with a compass:

Visit seminars or sports orienteering courses in the wilderness.
Examine a navigation textbook and apply its principles during daytime hikes, short travels, even if they pass through the city streets.
Travel with friends who have experience in navigation and remember everything you can.
Look, perhaps, not far from you there is a sports orienteering club. Sports orienteering is very popular in Scandinavian countries, add a sports element to orienting on a map and compass.
Race for endurance, treasure search, psychological puzzles, sports orienteering events are often held by regional clubs.

Compass remains important tools for safe travel in the wilderness. Learn to work with the card better and improve your own compass skills. This will make you a more confident traveler in the conditions of wilderness.

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