Information is data in various forms. Understanding information What happens to information

The term "information" comes from the Latin word "informatio", which means information, clarification, presentation. Despite the widespread use of this term, the concept of information is one of the most controversial in science.

In the "Big Encyclopedic Dictionary" information is defined as "a general scientific concept that includes the exchange of information between people, man and an automaton, an automaton and an automaton, signal exchange in the animal and plant world, transmission of signs from cell to cell, from organism to organism (genetic information). Currently, science is trying to find general properties and patterns inherent in a multifaceted concept information, but so far this concept remains largely intuitive and receives various semantic fillings in various branches of human activity:

· in everyday life information is any data or information that interests anyone. For example, a message about any events, about someone's activities, etc. "Inform" in this sense means "to communicate something,unknown before ";

· in technology information is understood as messages transmitted in the form of signs or signals;

· in cybernetics information is understood as that part of knowledge that is used for orientation, active action, control, i.e. in order to preserve, improve, develop the system (N. Wiener).

Concept data more general than informatics, in it the semantic properties of the message seem to recede into the background. When there is no need to emphasize the difference between concepts data(the whole body of information) and information(useful new information) these words are used interchangeably.

Accordingly, different units are used to estimate the amount of information.

When transmitting information, it is important to pay attention to how much information will pass through the transmitting system. After all, information can be measured quantitatively, counted. And they act in such calculations in the most usual way: they abstract from the meaning of the message, as they abandon concreteness in the arithmetic operations that are familiar to all of us (like from adding two apples and three apples to adding numbers in general: 2 + 3).

1.2.2 Propertiesinformation

The most important properties of information include:

• completeness;
• value;
• timeliness (relevance);
• comprehensibility;
• availability;
• brevity;
• and etc.

Adequacy information can be expressed in three forms: semantic, syntactic, pragmatic.

If valuable and timely information is expressed in an incomprehensible way, it can become useless.

Information becomes understandable if it is expressed in the language spoken by those to whom the information is intended.

Information should be presented in an accessible (by the level of perception) form. Therefore, the same questions are presented in different ways in school textbooks and scientific publications.

Information on the same issue can be presented briefly (concisely, without insignificant details) or at length (in detail, verbose). Brevity of information is necessary in reference books, encyclopedias, textbooks, all kinds of instructions.

1.2.1. Informatization and computerization of society. Informational resources.

Information processes(collection, processing and transmission of information) have always played an important role in the life of society. In the course of the evolution of mankind, there is a steady tendency towards the automation of these processes.

Information processing tools- these are all kinds of devices and systems created by mankind, and first of all, a computer is a universal machine for processing information.

Computers process information by performing certain algorithms.

Living organisms and plants process information with the help of their organs and systems.

Humanity has been processing information for thousands of years. It is believed that the world has experienced several information revolutions.

The first the information revolution is associated with the invention and mastering of the human language, which, more precisely, oral speech, singled out man from the animal world. This allowed a person to store, transmit, improve, increase the acquired information.

The second the information revolution consisted of the invention of writing. First of all, the possibilities for storing information have sharply increased (compared to the previous stage). The person received an artificial external memory. The organization of postal services made it possible to use writing and as a means of conveying information. In addition, the emergence of writing was a prerequisite for the beginning of the development of sciences (remember Ancient Greece, for example). Apparently, the emergence of the concept natural number... All peoples who possessed a written language possessed the concept of number and used one or another number system.

All the same, the knowledge recorded in written texts was limited, and, therefore, little accessible. This was the case before the invention of printing.

What justified third information revolution. Here the link between information and technology is most obvious. Typography can be safely called the first information technology. Reproduction of information was put on stream, on an industrial basis. Compared to the previous stage, this stage did not so much increase the storage possibilities (although there was a gain here too: a written source is often a single copy, a printed book - a whole circulation of copies, and, consequently, there is a low probability of information loss during storage (remember "Word about Igor's regiment ")), how much increased the availability of information and the accuracy of its reproduction. The mechanism of this revolution was the printing press, which made the book cheaper and made information more accessible.

Fourth revolution, smoothly turning into fifth, is associated with the creation of modern information technologies. This stage is associated with the successes of the exact sciences (primarily mathematics and physics) and is characterized by the emergence of such powerful means of communication as the telegraph (1794 - the first optical telegraph, 1841 - the first electromagnetic telegraph), telephone (1876) and radio (1895). ), to which, at the end of the stage, television was added (1921). In addition to means of communication, new opportunities have appeared for receiving and storing information - photography and cinema. It is also very important to add to them the development of methods for recording information on magnetic media (magnetic tapes, disks). But the most striking thing was the creation modern computers and telecommunications facilities.

Currently, the term "information technology" used in connection with the use of computers for information processing. Information technology covers all computing and communication technology and, in part, consumer electronics, television and radio broadcasting.

They are used in industry, commerce, management, banking, education, health care, medicine and science, transport and communications, agriculture, social security system, they serve as help to people of various professions and housewives.

The peoples of developed countries recognize that improving information technology is the most important, though costly and difficult, task.

Currently, the creation of large-scale information technology systems is economically feasible, and this leads to the emergence of national research and educational programs designed to stimulate their development.

After solving the problem of information processing, the result should be given to end users in the required form. This operation is implemented in the course of solving the problem of issuing information. The issuance of information, as a rule, is carried out using external computing devices in the form of texts, tables, graphs, etc.

The core of any information technology is the choice and implementation of the most rational information process, which can be defined as a set of procedures for transforming and processing information.

In turn information procedure it is considered to be a set of homogeneous operations affecting information in a certain way. The main information procedures are: registration, collection, transmission, coding, storage and processing of information.

The implementation of any task of a specific user requires the creation of an information service system, which is more often called an information system.

Let A = (a1, a2, ..., an) be the alphabet of some language. A * is a set of all possible sequences of symbols of this language.

A language is a subset of A * that satisfies two systems of rules: syntactic (blue shading) and semantic (bordeaux shading), and only those constructions that satisfy syntactic rules can satisfy semantic rules.

Example: bbse - does not satisfy the syntax of the Russian language

Petya ate the tractor - all the syntactic rules were observed, but the sentence does not satisfy the semantics of the Russian language

Thus, knowledge of the language means

1. Knowledge of his alphabet,

2. Knowledge of syntax rules

3. Knowledge of semantic rules

In this case, you will be able to communicate and be correctly understood.

The transformation of constructs of one language into a sequence of letters of another alphabet is called coding.

If we talk about coding, then first we need to determine which language construct we will consider as a symbol, i.e. some indivisible construction.

Consider some sentence of the language Q. The sentence consists of words, which in turn consist of letters. There are 3 options for defining a symbol (an indivisible language construct):

1. symbol = letter: a sentence is a sequence of letters of the alphabet. This approach is used in writing.

2. symbol = word. This presentation of sentences is used in shorthand.

3.symbol = sentence. This situation occurs when translating from one language to another, and this is especially pronounced when translating proverbs, jokes, sayings.

The great German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz began to study the problem of coding; he proved that the minimum number of letters required to encode any alphabet is 2.

Example. Russian language: 33 letters * 2 (uppercase, lowercase) -2 (b, b) + 10 punctuation marks + 10 digits = 84 characters. A prerequisite for correct coding is the ability to unambiguously transform AÛB. How many binary characters are needed to encode one character of the Russian language?

letter	code
but
BUT
b
B
in
IN
…
m
M

Suppose you need to encode the word Mom. Let's encode it: 10011 0 10010 0. Do the inverse transformation (decoding). Problems arise because it is not clear where one letter ends and another begins. The basic rule of unambiguous conversion from A to B and vice versa is violated, the reason is the use of a variable length code, therefore, it is necessary to choose a code of the same predetermined length. Which?

Conclusion: the fewer letters in the alphabet, the longer character... In Russian there are 33 letters, words on average consist of 4-6 letters. There are about 3000 characters in Japanese, on average 1 sentence ~ 1 character.

Computing machines use binary coding of information of any type: programs, text documents, graphics, video clips, sounds, etc. Surprisingly, all this wealth of information is encoded with just two states: on or off (one or zero). The formation of the presentation of information is called it coding... In a narrower sense, under coding the transition from the initial presentation of information, convenient for human perception, to the presentation, convenient for storage, transmission and processing is understood. In this case, the reverse transition to the original representation is called decoding .

In any kind of work with information, we are always talking about its representation in the form of certain symbolic structures. The most common one-dimensional representations of information, in which messages are in the form of a sequence of characters. This is how information is presented in written texts, when transmitted through communication channels, in computer memory. However, the multidimensional representation of information is also widely used, and by multidimensionality is understood not only the arrangement of information elements on a plane or in space in the form of drawings, diagrams, graphs, volumetric layouts, etc., but also the multiplicity of signs of the symbols used, for example, color, size, type of font in the text.

Driver is an intermediary program between hardware and other programs.

Thus, texts are stored on disk or in memory as numbers and programmatically are converted to images of characters on the screen.

1.2.5. Image encoding

In 1756, the outstanding Russian scientist Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (1711 -1765) first expressed the idea that to reproduce any color in nature, it is enough to mix three primary colors in certain proportions: red, green, blue. The theory of three-component color asserts that three types of nervous excitations arise in the human visual system, each of which is independent of the others.

Computer coding of images is also based on this theory. The picture is divided by vertical and horizontal lines into small rectangles. The resulting matrix of rectangles is called raster, and the elements of the matrix are pixels(from the English. Picture "s element- picture element). The color of each pixel is represented by three intensity values ​​of the three primary colors. This color coding method is called RGB (from the English red - red, green - green, blue - blue). The more bits are allocated for each primary color, the larger the gamut of colors can be stored for each element of the image. In a standard called true color, 3 bytes are spent per pixel, 1 byte for each primary color. Thus, 256 (= 2 8) levels of brightness for red, 256 levels of brightness for green, and 256 levels of brightness for blue give together approximately 16.7 million different color shades, which is superior to the human eye's ability to perceive color.

To store the entire picture, it is enough to write in some order a matrix of pixel color values, for example, from left to right and from top to bottom. Part of the information about the picture will be lost with this encoding. The smaller the pixels, the smaller the loss. In modern computer monitors with a diagonal of 15 -17 inches, a reasonable compromise between the quality and size of picture elements on the screen is provided by a raster of 768x1024 pixels.

I am often asked about how to improve memory, read faster and perceive more information.

But in fact, an excess of information for your intelligence is extremely harmful and makes you stupid.

Modern life has an important feature: a lot of information falls on a person. Sites, social networks, mailings, instant messengers, video channels convey tons of information to a person. YouTube alone is viewed more than four billion times a day.

As a result, modern man finds himself in a paradoxical situation:

• on the one hand, any information is very easy to find,
• on the other hand, the person is inundated with completely meaningless information.

Let's see what happens to your intellect when you continuously read, listen and watch too much information.

Perception of the world

- Never try to understand
which you cannot understand.
- Not understood…
- And don't try!

In order to survive in a changing world, your intelligence has two characteristics:

• intelligence reacts faster to changing information,
• the intellect forgets unnecessary information faster.

In natural conditions, these two features of intelligence work excellently. A branch creaked somewhere, we will instantly forget what we were thinking about, and listen: what if a bear?

But if nothing else happens, then attention will return to what we are currently doing. A creaky branch will quickly be forgotten.

The process of forgetting in humans occurs during sleep. When the consciousness is asleep, the subconscious mind cleans up unnecessary memories in the memory.

Let's see how these features of intelligence work in our everyday life.

Each person has many problems that need to be addressed. And in this moment your thinking is busy with some problem.

Thinking is a puzzle-like process. You take turns gathering facts and drawing out the big picture. At some point, you put in the last element, and that's it - the picture is complete.

Let's imagine that at the moment of solving the problem you received a new message. This is tantamount to adding elements from another picture to your puzzle. And now, when assembling, you need to separate one painting from another. The task has become more difficult.

The main thing is that you cannot help but read the incoming message. The brain keeps repeating to you: “Suddenly there is something important! Suddenly there is a bear! " Now people even have a neurosis of unread messages, a person cannot think of anything else when he sees the symbol of an unread message.

Now imagine a situation where information comes from all sides. Each news you read, an article, or watched video adds a scoop of new elements to your puzzle. And now you have the whole table covered with elements of dozens of paintings.

And your thinking is not so much solving the problem as trying to somehow understand what is happening in general. Thinking slows down and you become dumber and dumber.

The next morning, you have forgotten most of what you saw, heard, and read yesterday. It was not useful to you. Moreover, since you did not solve problems, but simply collected information, your problems only increased.

Protection from unnecessary information

The most surreal thing about Harry Potter is
that all children use knowledge,
received at school.

To protect yourself from unnecessary information, you need to remember why information is needed at all.

We need any information to execute ours. We are only interested in the cinema schedule when we are going to watch a movie.

In the same way, you need to look at any information. Why do you need it? What is your desire for it? Right now.

If not connected with anything at all, then do not look, do not listen, turn off, delete.

You go stupid when you mindlessly absorb information,
And you get smarter when you solve your problems.

During work, it is advisable to completely disconnect yourself from unnecessary messages. Work only with the information you need right now.

And even try to use this information to a minimum. Your main task is thinking. If you are good at thinking, then you do not need a lot of information. You need some key data on which to make decisions.

Let's say you are currently looking for information on the current problem. How do you know when to stop and stop searching?

An example with a puzzle will help us again. When do you stop solving the puzzle? When the picture is clear. Likewise, with information, when everything became clear to you and you can act - act immediately.

Remember - you get smarter the moment you solve your life problem. The faster you solve them, the smarter you are. When you are choked with an excess of information, then you can no longer think or act.

Want to think faster?
Clear your mind
from excess garbage.

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Information processes.

Storage, processing and transmission of information

The interrelation of the processes of storing, processing and transmitting information, types of information carriers, methods of processing information, types of sources and receivers of information, communication channels, their types and methods of protection against noise, unit of measurement of information transfer rate, communication channel bandwidth

The processes of storing, processing and transmitting information are the main information processes. In various combinations, they are present in obtaining, searching, protecting, coding and other information processes. Let us consider the storage, processing and transmission of information using the example of the actions of a student, which he performs with information when solving a problem.

Let us describe the student's informational activity in solving the problem in the form of a sequence of informational processes. Problem condition (information) kept in the tutorial. Through the eyes occurs broadcast information from the textbook into the student's own memory, in which information kept... In the process of solving the problem, the student's brain performs processing information. The resulting result kept in the memory of the student. Broadcast the result - new information - occurs with the help of the student's hand through writing in a notebook. The result of solving the problem kept in a student's notebook.

Thus (Fig. 9), it is possible to distinguish the processes of storing information (in human memory, on paper, disk, audio or video cassette, etc.), transferring information (using the senses, speech and human motor system) and processing information (in the cells of the human brain).

Information processes are interconnected. For example, the processing and transmission of information is impossible without its storage, and in order to save the processed information, it must be transmitted. Let's consider each information process in more detail.

Rice. 9. Interrelation of information processes

Data storage is an informational process during which information remains unchanged in time and space.

Information storage cannot be carried out without a physical medium.

Information carrier -physical medium directly storing information.

The carrier of the information, or information carrier, may be:

■ material object (stone, board, paper, magnetic and optical disks);

■ substance in various states (liquid, gas, solid);

■ a wave of various nature (acoustic, electromagnetic, gravitational).

In the example of a student, such information carriers as textbook and notebook paper (material object), human biological memory (substance) were considered. When a student received visual information, the information carrier was the light reflected from the paper (wave).

There are two types of information carriers: internal and external... Internal media (for example, human biological memory) are quick and efficient in reproducing maintaining stored information. External media (such as paper, magnetic and optical disks) are more reliable and can store large amounts of information. They are used for long-term storage of information.

Information on external media must be stored so that it can be found and, if possible, quickly enough. To do this, the information is sorted alphabetically, arrival time and other parameters. External media, put together and intended for long-term storage of ordered information, are repository of information... Various libraries, archives, including electronic ones, can be classified as information repositories. The amount of information that can be placed on an information carrier determines information capacity carrier. Like the amount of information in a message, the information capacity of a medium is measured in bits.

Data processing is an informational process, during which information changes in content or form.

Information processing is carried out by the contractor according to certain rules. The performer can be a person, a collective * an animal, a machine.

The processed information is stored in the artist's internal memory. As a result of information processing by the performer, meaningfully new information or information presented in a different form is obtained from the original information (Fig. 10).

Rice. 10. Information processing

Let's return to the considered example of a student who solved a problem. The schoolboy who was performer, got background information in the form of a problem condition, processed information according to certain rules(for example, the rules for solving mathematical problems) and got new information as the desired result. In the process of processing, the information was stored in the memory of the student, which is internal memory person.

Information processing can be carried out by:

■ mathematical calculations, logical reasoning (for example, solving a problem);

■ correcting or adding information (for example, correcting spelling errors);

■ changes in the presentation of information (for example, replacing text with a graphic image);

■ encoding information (for example, translating text from one language to another);

■ ordering, structuring information (for example, sorting surnames alphabetically).

The type of information processed can be different, and the processing rules can be different. Automate the processing process it is possible only if the information is presented in a special way, and the processing rules are clearly defined.

Transfer of information is an information process during which information is transferred from one information carrier to another.

The process of transferring information, like storing and processing it, is also impossible without an information carrier. In the example of a student, at the moment when he reads the condition of the problem, information is transferred from paper (from an external information carrier) to the student's biological memory (to an internal information carrier). Moreover, the process of transferring information occurs with the help of light reflected from the paper - a wave, which is a carrier of information.

The process of transferring information occurs between source of information that transmits it, and receiver of information who accepts it. For example, a book is a source of information for a person reading it, and a person reading a book is a receiver of information. The transfer of information from the source to the receiver is carried out by communication channel(fig. 11). The communication channel can be air, water, metal and fiber optic wires.

Rice. 11. Transfer of information

Between the source and the receiver of information there may beFeedback... In response to the received information, the receiver can transmit information to the source. If the source is at the same time the receiver of information,and the receiver is the source, then such a process of transferring information is called exchange information.

As an example, consider a student's oral response to a teacher in class. In this case, you are the source of information! the student, and the receiver of the information is the teacher. The source and receiver of information have information carriers - biological memory. In the process of the student's answer to the teacher, 1: transfer of information from the student's memory to the teacher's memory The channel of communication between the student and the teacher is air, and the process of transferring information is carried out using an information carrier - an acoustic wave. If the teacher only listens, but also corrects the student's answer, and the student takes into account the teacher's remarks, then information is exchanged between the teacher and the student.

Information is transmitted over the communication channel at a certain speed, which is measured by the number transmitted information per unit of time (bit / s). The actual transmission rate * of information cannot be greater than the maximum possible * transmission rate of information on this channel communication called throughput communication channel and depends on its physical properties.

Information transfer rate- the amount of information transmitted per unit of time.

Communication channel bandwidth- the maximum possible speed of information transfer over this communication channel.

Through a communication channel, information is transmitted using signals. A signal is a physical process that corresponds to an event and serves to transmit a message about this event over a communication channel. Examples of signals are flashing flags, flashing lamps, launching signal flares, phone calls... The signal can be transmitted using waves. For example, a radio signal is transmitted by an electromagnetic wave, and an audio signal is transmitted by an acoustic wave. Conversion of a message into a signal that can be transmitted over a communication channel from a source to a receiver of information occurs by means of coding. The transformation of the signal into a message that will be understood by the information receiver is performed using decoding (Fig. 12).

Rice. 12. Signal transmission

Encoding and decoding can be carried out both by a living being (for example, a person, an animal), and by technology. electronic device (for example, computer, electronic translator).

In the process of transmitting information, distortion or loss of information is possible under the influence of interference, which are called noise... Noise arises due to poor quality of communication channels or their insecurity. Exist different ways protection against noise, for example, technical protection of communication channels or multiple transmission of information.

For example, due to street noise coming from open window, the student may not hear part of the audio information transmitted by the teacher. In order for the student to hear the teacher's explanation without distortion, you can close the window in advance or ask the teacher to repeat what has been said.

The signal can be continuous or discrete. Continuous signal smoothly changes its parameters over time. An example of a continuous signal are changes in atmospheric pressure, air temperature, and the height of the Sun above the horizon. Discrete signal abruptly changes its parameters and takes on a finite number of values ​​at a finite number of points in time. Signals presented as individual characters are discrete. For example, Morse code signals, signals used to transmit text and numerical information, are discrete signals. Since each individual value of a discrete signal can be assigned a certain number, discrete signals are sometimes called digital.

Signals of one kind can be converted to signals of another kind. For example, the graph of a function (continuous signal cash) can be presented in the form of a table of individual values ​​(discrete signal). Conversely, knowing the values ​​of the function for different values ​​of the arguments, you can plot the function by points. Sounding music, which is transmitted by a continuous signal, can be represented as a discrete musical notation. Conversely, a continuous piece of music can be played from discrete notes. In many cases, converting one type of signal to another can lead to the loss of some information.

Exist technical devices that operate with continuous signals (for example, a mercury thermometer, microphone, tape recorder), and technical devices that operate with discrete signals (for example, a CD player, digital camera, cellular telephone). The computer can work with both continuous and discrete signals.

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The term "information" has become a general scientific concept that includes the exchange of information between people, a person and an automaton, an automaton and an automaton; exchange of signals in the animal and plant world; transmission of traits from cell to cell, from organism to organism (for example, genetic information); one of the basic concepts of cybernetics.

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✪ Information, amount of information

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In the first half of the 17th century, Nikolai Kapernik suggested that the Earth has the shape of a ball, which revolves not only around its axis, but also around the Sun. Developing his ideas, the English astronomer Thomas Digges suggested that space is infinite and filled with stars. The Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno first began to identify the stars with distant suns. In 1775, in his treatise, Immanuel Kant suggested that the Galaxy could be a rotating body in the form of a swirling spiral, consisting of a huge number of stars held by the forces of gravity. Observing the Galaxy from a point inside it, in particular from our Solar System, the resulting disk will be visible in the night sky as a strip of light. Modern cosmology continues to be replenished with unique information. Scientists put forward the theory of the Big Bang, study the so-called relict radiation, observe the expansion of the universe, there are versions about the existence of dark matter and dark energy. Relatively recently there was information about black holes, formed a version of their origin. Scientists are making more and more discoveries and more information. But in fact - does dark matter exist? What are Black Holes and is there a limit to the universe? And in general, how did the whole universe actually come about? And what if the whole Universe is nothing but an illusion ... And its essence is Information? Who am I real? Why am I here? What is my goal? Where can I find the answers? And what if? .. We thought about these and other interesting questions about the universe after reading the book "AllatRa". And like many people, we had a lot of questions. Let's look for answers together! But what if, in addition to the material world in which we live, there is an immaterial world, a primary world? After all, science has long known that the human eye is far from perfect, it perceives electromagnetic waves in the range from 400 to 700 nanometers. Of course, thanks to modern technology, science can see more than the human eye. But in spite of the many already known waves of the most diverse nature, even they occupy the smallest interval of radiation in the spectrum. Today people often try to explain the invisible with examples of the visible. But on the creaky cart of a purely materialistic outlook in real science, one cannot get very far. Therefore, modern scientists still do not have a clear idea of ​​what, for example, what really is electricity, or what is gravity and a black hole. In order to understand and delve into the nature of these phenomena, you need to have a different, different from the material, worldview. But what if these phenomena only manifest themselves in the world of matter, but originate in the spiritual world? "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God and the word was God" (Gospel of John) In various spiritual teachings and religious legends of the peoples of the world there is a common essence. From the world of God, which is named in legends in different ways, for example, the world waters, the world ocean, the world of the Primordial, the world of the Creator, the primary sound appeared. The same sound, which is named differently: the mythical Bird, Sound, the First Logos, the Word of God. In the modern scientific world, they have agreed to use only one theory. This is the Big Bang theory. It is known that our Universe at some point in time, but to be more specific 15 billion years ago was born ... let's say, had very small dimensions (10 minus 33 degrees of centimeters). Imagine Now humanity can The size of an atom is somewhere on the order of 10 minus 8 centimeters, the size of a nucleus is 10 minus 13 centimeters. Further, with the help of all kinds of experiments, we can penetrate deeply and consider scales in the order of 10 minus 16 degrees (-17, - 18), but we are talking about scales of 10 to minus 33 degrees. That is, zero, and then 33 zeros after the decimal point, centimeters. The universe began with such a very small region of space-time. This area expanded very rapidly. There was the so-called inflationary stage. The expansion of the universe happened very quickly, that is, the universe from a size of 10 to minus 33 centimeters has increased to a size of well, about 10 to the 20 power of a centimeter. Elementary particles were born, they began to interact with each other. And then the processes of education began. First, nuclei were formed, then atoms were formed from the nuclei. Well, the formation of planets, galaxies, and so on and so forth went. What if there was no "Big Bang" at all? What if this is just a theory that, thanks to modern technologies, will be revised in the near future? Remember? This is the same as the story with molecules and atoms, when they were considered whole and indivisible, and their internal structure and their origin were poorly represented. The further scientists delve into matter, the more they find emptiness in it. What if all matter is emptiness? What if this is an illusion created by God, the thought of God? That is, the spiritual world. But for what purpose? Scientists were able to delve into the microcosm. They found out that the body consists of cells, cells of molecules, molecules of simple chemical elements. And what is actually a chemical element? Chemical element - This is a certain type of atoms, which is characterized by the number of protons, neutrons and electrons. Between the nucleus of the atom and the electrons, which are located on various crossbows, there are great enormous distances. Relatively speaking - empty. Because the nucleus of an atom is formed from protons and neutrons, neutrons are neutrally charged, protons are positively charged, and electrons are negatively charged, are in different stationary orbits. There are closer to the core, there are more distant from the core and (they) form various clouds. The so-called electron densities. But it is important to note that living matter, for example, consists of organs, tissues and cells. And cells already, if studied in more detail at the micro level, consist of molecules. But between the individual molecules there are huge empty spaces, so to speak. And the molecules, in turn, are made up of atoms, which are also separated by huge empty spaces. So, one small particle is divided into other smaller particles. And what if this division ends in absolute emptiness. It exists everywhere, both in the microcosm and in the macrocosm. What if this is pure energy? The so-called Po energy, which constitutes a single field of varieties of all energies and matter arising from them. And then the expression becomes clear: "God is omnipresent." Pulses of Po energy generate waves that change space and time. That is, in essence, matter exists according to the laws of wave nature. The fact that matter is a product of the great emptiness, "Tao", was known four thousand years ago to Indian philosophers and about two and a half thousand years ago to Chinese sages. They visualized absolute emptiness as a smooth surface of a lake in the absence of wind. The emerging particle of matter from the void was compared with the appearance of ripples on the surface of the lake under the influence of the wind. "Wind" in this key is the divine essence with which He creates and destroys everything. In 1897, the English physicist Thomson discovered the electron. The electron began to be considered the first elementary particle. That is, the first brick of matter. However, is this essential particle really structureless? Today, scientists have deduced a hypothetical particle "graviton", which has not been experimentally proven, but it is theoretically calculated that gravity consists of it. Graviton is most suitable for designating a Po particle, and therefore, purely hypothetically, it can be argued that of all the "fundamental" particles, only graviton is truly such. And what if the well-known indivisible electron consists of as many as 13 Po particles, neutrinos from five Po, the rest consist of 3, 5, 7, 12, 33, 70 and so on Po particles. Moreover, many so-called fundamental particles, consisting of the same Po number, but having different shapes and charge signs, respectively, play different roles in this theater of matter. It turns out that the entire universe is woven from Po particles. And this means that in the entire vast Universe there is not a single place where it would be possible to stick the thinnest needle, so much so that its tip does not rest on something, and does not come into contact with something. But what is a Po particle really? And how was the universe created? And what if everything in this material world, including what is known to people today, from subatomic particles to the atom, from dust particles on shoes to a cluster of galaxies in distant space, everything exists thanks to ordered information. It is precisely ordered information that creates matter, sets its properties, volume, shape, mass and other characteristics. Now we are not talking about the concept of "information" familiar to the human brain, we are talking about a slightly different manifestation of it. Although, even in the usual human understanding, the word "information" has several meanings, including "to think, teach, explain", "give a form, shape, shape, create." For ease of understanding, let's conventionally call this ordered information "information bricks". What are information bricks? Let's take a look at the following example. Imagine that one girl decided to conduct a kind of experiment. To do this, she needed: a glass aquarium, water and small bricks to form the shape. In an empty glass aquarium, a girl assembles a castle from transparent foam bricks like a children's designer. When one transparent brick is connected to another, a certain color appears that is visible to the human eye. That is, she has a plan in her head how to make a castle, there is a will to create it, and there are forces, applying which, she builds from this unusual material. The girl assembled the castle, which with such a combination became visible, she admires its beauty, volume, complexity of architecture. Then the girl, continuing the experiment, fills the aquarium with water. The water fills the aquarium with such force that it destroys the built castle. At the same time, foam bricks, once the elements of this castle, will float to the surface of the water, some separately, some in groups, which still remain visible to the eye. In the end, the entire structure under the pressure of water breaks up into separate bricks, and not a trace remains of the castle. If she removes all the water from the tank, the transparent foam bricks will sink to the bottom. By themselves, they, without her plan, will and application of force, will not fold into an orderly built castle. It will be just a chaotic bunch of foam bricks. You can shake the aquarium as much as you like, even though forever, mixing them, they will never become a castle until she builds it anew. So, it is these conditional invisible bricks that are a figurative comparison with the information that creates matter, setting it certain parameters, shape, volume, mass, and so on. And the visible lock from our example is already one of the material products of ordered information, from which elementary subparticles are formed that make up atoms, molecules, chemical compounds, that is, all matter in the Universe. And finally, the will, the plan of construction and the power of application are the main components of the spiritual world, which are manifested in this world. And what if information really lies at the heart of all matter. And so what do not touch in the whole Universe. But it will be enough to remove the information, as what we call matter will disappear like a donut hole after you eat it. After all, while the donut is there, there is also a hole, as soon as the donut is eaten, the hole disappeared. This is how matter disappears, there is no information - there is no manifestation of matter. The amount of matter in the Universe is constantly changing, then its amount increases significantly, then decreases. At the same time, the information is always stable, due to which the total mass of the Universe from the day of its Creation to this day has not changed by one billionth of a gram. But if even one information brick disappeared, then the entire Universe would disappear. The part disappears - the whole disappears. The Universe, which does not stop moving, will reach a certain expansion and disappear. Everything is ingenious, simple as always. These information bricks of the universe never disappear anywhere, that is, they do not leave the Universe, as in our example with the aquarium, and exist in it in a strictly ordered form. But what if everything in this world is strictly ordered, exists according to a certain plan, the will and power of the Builder? And what if a person in this regard, as the main creation, plays the most important role? Prepares himself for continued existence. What if it's all true? Materials from the book AllatRa by Anastasia Novykh were used in the film. The film was created by the participants of the international social movement ALLATRA Many thanks to Georgy Ulyanovich Kovalchuk, Director of the Museum of History of the Main Astronomical Observatory of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, for assistance in filming. Special thanks for the explanation of the physical processes of space by modern science to the head of the Department of Quantum Field Theory, Kiev National University. T.G. Shevchenko, Ph.D. Professor Stanislav Yosifovich Vilchinsky.

The essence and boundaries of the phenomenon

According to modern concepts, information is considered intangible, and what is contained in the structure of objects is usually called data ( representation form- ISO / IEC / IEEE 24765: 2010).

History of the concept

The word "information" comes (from Lat. Informatio, which in translation means mixing, clarification, familiarization.) The concept of information was considered by ancient philosophers.

Historically, two complex branches of science - cybernetics and informatics - are directly involved in information research.

Informatics, which emerged as a science in the middle of the 20th century, separated from cybernetics and is engaged in research in the field of methods of obtaining, storing, transferring and processing semantic information.

Studies of the semantic content of information are based on a complex of scientific theories under the general name semiotics [ ] .

Information classification

Information can be divided into types according to various criteria:

• By way of perception:
  • Visual - perceived by the organs of vision.
  • Sound - perceived by the organs of hearing.
  • Tactile - Perceived by tactile receptors.
  • Olfactory - perceived by the olfactory receptors.
  • Gustatory - perceived by the taste buds.
• By form of presentation:
  • Text - transmitted in the form of symbols intended to denote tokens of the language.
  • Numeric - in the form of numbers and signs indicating mathematical operations.
  • Graphic - in the form of images, objects, graphs.
  • Sound - oral or in the form of recording and transmission of language lexemes by means of an auditory route.
  • Video information - transmitted in the form of video recording.
• By appointment:
  • Massive - contains trivial information and operates with a set of concepts that are understood by most of the society.
  • Special - contains a specific set of concepts, when used, information is transmitted that may not be understood by the bulk of society, but are necessary and understandable within a narrow social group where this information is used.
  • Secret - transmitted to a narrow circle of people and through closed (protected) channels.
  • Personal (private) - a set of information about a person that determines the social status and types of social interactions within the population.

Information in various fields of knowledge

In mathematics

In mathematics, information is the general name for fundamental concepts in computer science, information theory, cybernetics, as well as in mathematical statistics, in which a generalized intuitive idea of ​​information regarding any quantities or phenomena is concretized and formalized.

In computer science

The subject of study of computer science is precisely data: methods of their creation, storage, processing and transmission. Data is information in a formalized form (in digital form), which makes it possible to automate its collection, storage and further processing in a computer. From this point of view, information is an abstract concept, considered without regard to its semantic aspect, and the amount of information is usually understood as the corresponding amount of data. However, the same data can be encoded in different ways and at the same time have a different volume, therefore, sometimes the concept of "information value" is also considered, which is associated with the concept of information entropy and is the subject of study of information theory.

In information theory

Radio engineering (signal processing theory) and informatics are associated with information theory, which relate to the measurement of the amount of transmitted information, its properties and setting the limiting relations for systems. The main sections of information theory are source coding (compressing coding) and channel (noise-immune) coding. Information is not included in the study of mathematics. Nevertheless, the word "information" is used in mathematical terms - own information and mutual information, referring to the abstract (mathematical) part of information theory. However, in mathematical theory the concept of "information" is associated with exclusively abstract objects - random variables, while in modern information theory this concept is considered much broader - as a property of material objects [ ] .

The connection between these two identical terms is undeniable. It was the mathematical apparatus of random numbers that was used by the author of information theory, Claude Shannon. He himself means by the term "information" something fundamental (irreducible). Shannon's theory intuitively assumes that information has content. Information reduces overall uncertainty and information entropy. The amount of information is measurable. However, he warns researchers against mechanical transfer of concepts from his theory to other areas of science [ ] .

In control theory (cybernetics)

The founder of cybernetics, Norbert Wiener, gave the following definition of information: "Information is a designation of the content we receive from the outside world in the process of adapting us and our feelings to it."

A material system in cybernetics is considered as a set of objects that themselves can be in different states, but the state of each of them is determined by the states of other objects in the system. In nature, many states of the system represent information, the states themselves represent the primary code or source code... Thus, each material system is a source of information.

Cybernetics defines subjective (semantic) information as the meaning or content of a message. Information is a characteristic of an object.

In the theory of algorithms

In semiotics

In physics

Quantum information theory examines the general laws of transmission, storage and transformation of information in systems that change according to the laws of quantum mechanics