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Hygienic requirements when working at a computer. Work at the computer: Harmful working conditions. Classification of the degree of harm from work at a computer according to current legislation

Electrical Safety Requirements

Personal computer - electrical appliance. From other electrical appliances, it is distinguished by the fact that it provides for the possibility of long-term operation without disconnecting from the electrical network. In addition to the usual mode of operation, the computer may be in the mode of operation with reduced power consumption or in the query standby mode. In connection with the possibility of continuous operation of the computer without disconnecting from the mains should be given special attention Quality of power organization.

1. It is unacceptable for the use of low-quality and worn-out components in the power supply system, as well as their surrogate substitutes: sockets, extension cores, adapters, tees. It is unacceptable to modify the sockets to connect the forks corresponding to other standards. Electrical contacts of sockets should not test mechanical loads associated with connecting massive components (adapters, tees, etc.).

2. All feed cables and wires must be located on the back of the computer and peripheral devices. Their placement in the working area of \u200b\u200bthe user is unacceptable.

3. It is forbidden to produce any operations associated with connecting, disconnecting or moving the components of the computer system without prior to turn off the power.

4. The computer should not be installed near the electric heating devices and heating systems.

5. Unacceptable placement on the system unit, monitor and peripheral devices foreign objects: books, paper sheets, napkins, dust protection covers. This leads to a permanent or temporary overlap of the ventilation holes.

6. It is forbidden to introduce foreign items into the operational or ventilation holes of the components of the computer system.

Features of the monitor power supply. The monitor has elements capable of saving high voltage for a long time after disconnecting from the network. Opening the monitor by the user is unacceptable under any circumstances. This is not only dangerous for life, but also technically useless, since inside the monitor there are no organs, adjusting or tuning which the user could improve its work. Opening and maintenance of monitors can only be made in special workshops.

Power features system Block

The power supply has a built-in fan and ventilation holes. In this regard, dust will inevitably accumulate in it, which can cause a short circuit. It is recommended periodically (one - twice a year) With a vacuum cleaner, remove dust from the power supply through the ventilation holes without opening the system unit. It is especially important to produce this operation before each transportation or tilt of the system unit.

System of hygienic requirements.

Long-term work with a computer can lead to health status disorders. Short-term work with a computer installed with gross disorders of hygienic standards and rules leads to increased fatigue. The harmful effects of the computer system on the human body is complex. Monitor parameters affect the organs of vision. The equipment of the workplace affects the organs of the musculoskeletal system. The nature of the equipment location in the computer class and its use mode affects both the general psycho-physiological state of the body and the organs of vision.

Requirements for the video system.

In the past, the monitor was considered mainly as a source of harmful radiation acting primarily on the eyes. Today, this approach is considered insufficient. In addition to harmful electromagnetic radiation (which on modern monitors are reduced to a relatively safe level), the image quality parameters must be taken into account, and they are determined not only by the monitor, but also a video adapter, that is, the entire video system as a whole.

1. The computer monitor must satisfy the following safety standards:

o in terms of electromagnetic emission - TSO 95;

o According to the image quality parameters (brightness, contrast, flicker, anti-glare properties, etc.) - TSO 99.

Learn about the report specific model This standards can be included in the accompanying documentation. To work with monitors that satisfy these standards, special protective screens are not required.

2. In the workplace, the monitor must be installed in such a way as to exclude the possibility of reflecting from its screen towards the user sources of general illumination of the room.

3. The distance from the monitor screen to the eye of the user should be from 50 to 70 cm. It is not necessary to strive to push the monitor as far as possible from the eye, fearing harmful emissions (on the household experience of communicating with the TV), because the angle of review is also important for the eye objects. Optimally, monitor placement at a distance of 1.5 D from the eye of the user, where D is the size of the monitor screen, measured diagonally. Compare this recommendation with a value of 3 ... 5 D recommended for household TVs, and compare the sizes of characters on the monitor screen (the most characteristic object that requires the concentration of attention) with the size of objects characteristic of television (images of people, structures, nature objects). The overestimated distance from the eyes to the monitor leads to the additional voltage of the organs of vision, affects the difficulty of transition from working with the monitor to work with the book and manifests itself in the premature development of hyperopia.

4. An important parameter is the frame rate, which depends on the monitor properties, video adapter and video system software settings. For working with texts, the frame rate of 72 Hz is minimally allowed. For work with graphics, the frame rate from 85 Hz and above is recommended.

Requirements for workplace.

Despite the fact that schoolchildren spend a relatively little time in the computer class, to train their right labor hygiene on a decent example is very important that useful skills entrenched for life. This is not just the requirement of hygiene, but the requirement of the technique.

1. The monitor must be installed directly before the user and do not require the turn of the head or body body.

Figure 3. Proper monitor location

2. The desktop and landing place must have such a height so that the eye level of the user was slightly above the monitor center. The monitor screen should be viewed from top to bottom, and not vice versa. Even short-term work with the monitor set too high leads to the fatigue of the cervical spine.

Figure 4. Proper monitor location

3. If proper installation The monitor regarding the level of the eye it turns out that the feeders of the user cannot freely rest on the floor, the foot stand should be installed, preferably inclined. If the legs do not have a reliable support, it certainly leads to a violation of the posture and the fatigue of the spine. Conveniently, when computer furniture (table and working chair) have means for adjusting height. In this case, it is easier to achieve an optimal position.

4. The keyboard should be located at such a height so that the fingers of the hands are located on it freely, without voltage, and the angle between the shoulder and forearm was 100 ° - 110 °. When using conventional school-writing tables to achieve the correct "position and monitor simultaneously", and the keyboard is almost impossible. It is recommended to use special computer tables that have retractable shelves for the keyboard. If there is no such shelf and the keyboard is located on the same table as the monitor, The use of footrest becomes almost inevitable, especially when children work with the computer.

Figure 5. Organization of the workplace

5. With long-term operation with the keyboard it is possible to fatigue tendons of a wedge joint. It is known a heavy vocational disease - a bruside tunnel syndrome associated with the wrong position of the hands on the keyboard. In order to avoid excessive loads on the brush, it is desirable to provide a working chair with armrests, the level of height of which measured from the floor coincides with the level of the height of the keyboard.

6. When working with the mouse, the hand should not be on the weight. Hand elbow or at least the wrist should have a solid support. If you envisage the necessary location of the desktop and the chair is difficult, it is recommended to apply a mouse pad having a special support roller. There are often cases when in search of a support for a hand (usually right) have a side monitor from the user (respectively, on the left) so that it works in the field, resting the elbow or wrist of the right hand about the table. This reception is unacceptable. The monitor must be directly before the user.

Details created 09/20/2018 12:25

Modern computer By itself, it is not so dangerous as any other complex household appliance (for example, a TV or microwave). But, as in the case of other household appliances, there are potential threats to human health associated with its use in everyday life or production activities.

What kind of chronic diseases may be neglecting PC users to perform sanitary and hygienic rules of working with a computer?

Doctors and specialists in the field of industrial hygiene traditionally

there are five major groups, so-called "computer" diseases, the emergence and development of which people often themselves

provocate at home, by checking unreasonably much time in communication with the monitor and the PC keyboard.

These include:

1) disease organs;

2) diseases of the musculoskeletal system (including joint diseases

and muscles of brushes and forearms due to their chronic overwork);

3) diseases of the gastrointestinal tract or genital organs (including anorexia and hemorrhoids);

4) diseases of the cardiovascular system (including diseases due to hypodynailes and hypovolemia);

5) nervous disorders and diseases of various etiology (including epileptic statuses (seizures) of various nature).

The main reason for the development of "computer" diseases is not technical means, and their illiterate operation, conjugate with violation of hygienic rules and norms, the knowledge of which is becoming increasingly relevant to users of personal computers.

Computer, like any other technical deviceusing electricity for its work transforms it into various emissions - electromagnetic, ionizing, thermal, etc.

What objective physical impacts can have a computer on the environment and operator's environment, which are not directly related to the activities of the latter?

Designers and manufacturers of computers, as well as scientists - hygienists traditionally allocate many factors capable of emergency intensity of the manifestation of the environment of the working area of \u200b\u200bthe computer unfavorable to the health of the user, and with the combined exposure, even aggressive.

The earliest clinical manifestations of the effects of electromagnetic radiation per person are functional

violations from nervous systemmanifested primarily in the form of vegetative dysfunctions of neurasthenic and asthenic syndrome. Persons, for a long time in the radiation zone, make complaints of weakness, irritability, fast fatigue, memory weakening, sleep disorder. Often, these symptoms join the disorders of vegetative functions.

Absolutely all computers are sources of high noise.

Improving the level of direct and reflected brillples of the screen, as well as it

the blindness, pulsation of the light stream, the uneven brightness distribution in the field of view and the increased brightness of the light image are also the factors of the negative impact on the human body.

The main regulatory document determining the hygienic requirements for the organization of labor on the computer is the sanitary rules and norms of SanPiN 2.2.2 / 2.4.1340-03 "Hygienic requirements for personal electronic computing machines and organization of work".

All hygiene requirements for the organization of labor with the use of computers can be divided into three groups:

1) Requirements for premises where similar labor or training activities are organized and carried out;

2) requirements for equipment of an individual working or classroom;

3) Requirements for the organization of labor or educational process using computer equipment.

Each production or training room in which work is carried out with computers must have a combined

natural and artificial - lighting. Therefore, it is not allowed to place jobs equipped with computers, in basement rooms, and in educational institutions of all kinds - also on the ground floors (in the mixtures), and the height of the ceilings in computer audiences or classes should be at least 4 m, and they themselves are not Must be located near the premises in which the "noise levels and vibrations exceed the normalized values" (mechanical workshops, workshops, gymnastic halls, etc.).

All similar production facilities and training classes should be equipped with forced supply-exhaust ventilation and humidifiers, refilled daily distilled or boiled drinking water.

For finishing the interior of production and training rooms, in which computers are operated, it is prohibited to use polymer building materials (chipboard, layered paper plastic, synthetic wall and carpets, etc.), emitting harmful chemicals into the air.

Special requirements are presented to the microclimate of the premises in which

users work with computers: the optimal temperature should normally be from 18 to 25 ° C, and the relative humidity of the air is from 40 to 60% at its movement of 0.1-0.2 m / s.

For educational institutions of all species, the Rules establish more rigid sanitary and hygienic norms of the microclimate: the air temperature in computer classes should be maintained within 19-21 ° C, and relative humidity in the range of 55-62%.

In order to maintain a microclimate within the limits established by sanitary standards, in curriculum, in which computers are located, a wet cleaning and refueling air humidifiers should be carried out daily.

During the school day - to regularly carry out aeration: the relevant premises before the start and after each hour of training sessions should be carried out, which ensures the improvement of the quality composition of the air, including aero-ionic regime.

In addition to hygiene requirements for microclimate, the rules also contain maximum allowable levels of noise of computer equipment on the workplaces of users. In particular, according to them in all educational premises, the noise level in the workplace should not exceed 50 dBA, in office and industrial premises, where work with the computer is not the main, 60 dBA.

Today, on the fore as sources of the appearance of PC users of various kinds of chronic diseases, which we call the pseudo "computer", there are static loads on the human body due to a sedentary nature of work, as well as hypokinesia developing on this background (lack of movement), hypodynamines (disadvantage exercise) and hypovolemia (blood redistribution disorders).

Therefore, modern requirements for the organization of the labor and recreation of users of computers are designed to protect a person not from the car, but from itself, from the functional stereotypes of behavior that can cause a whole complex of diseases.

To avoid complications of the health of psychosomatic or hypocinenesic etiology (origin) in all categories of workers whose labor activity is related to work with a computer, there are some hygienic requirements for organizing the regime of the labor and recreation of such people.

During the working day, for all users of computers, directly and constantly working with this technique, in addition to the obligatory lunch break, established by federal labor legislation, "to ensure optimal health and preservation of professional users, regulated breaks should be established during the work shift."

10 of the most important hygienic requirements when working with a computer

1. Place your computer or its monitor to the side window so that the light falls on the left.

2. When organizing and equipped the workplace, purchase furniture in accordance with the growth of the computer user.

3. Daily before starting work, be sure to remove the dust in the workplace.

4. Before starting and at the end of the work, as well as on the lunch break, conduct aeration (ventilating) of the room where the computer works.

5. Conduct wet cleaning in the room where the computer works.

6. With a continuous operation with a computer every 2 hours, take a break for 15 minutes to relax and perform a complex of physical recovery exercises.

7. Watch out for the ratio of the illumination of the computer monitor screen and the surrounding space, it should not be less than 5: 1.

8. When working with a computer, the distance from the eye of the user to the monitor should be 600-700 mm, but not less than 500 mm.

9. Watch out for posture: the back should be straight, hands in the elbows should be bent at right angles.

10. Regularly pass the preventive medical examination.

Electrical safety requirements.

Personal computer - electrical appliance. From other electrical appliances, it is distinguished by the fact that it provides for the possibility of long-term operation without disconnecting from the electrical network. In addition to the usual mode of operation, the computer may be in the mode of operation with reduced power consumption or in the query standby mode. In connection with the possibility of continuous operation of the computer without a disconnection from the power grid, special attention should be paid to the quality of the power organization.

It is unacceptable to use low-quality and worn-out components in the power supply system, as well as their surrogate substitutes: sockets, extension cores, adapters, tees. It is unacceptable to modify the sockets to connect the forks corresponding to other standards. Electrical contacts of sockets should not experience mechanical loads associated with connecting massive components (adapters, tees, etc.).
All feed cables and wires must be located on the back of the computer and peripheral devices. Their placement in the working area of \u200b\u200bthe user is unacceptable.
It is forbidden to produce any operations associated with connecting, disconnecting or moving the components of the computer system without prior to turn off the power.
The computer should not be installed near the electric heating devices and heating systems.
Unacceptable placement on the system unit, monitor and peripheral devices foreign objects: books, sheets of paper, napkins, covers for dust protection. This leads to a permanent or temporary overlap of the ventilation holes.
It is forbidden to introduce foreign objects into the operational or ventilation holes of the components of the computer system.

Features of the monitor power supply. The monitor has elements capable of saving high voltage For a long time after disconnecting from the network. Opening the monitor by the user is unacceptable under any circumstances. This is not only dangerous for life, but also technically useless, since inside the monitor there are no organs, adjusting or tuning which the user could improve its work. Opening and maintenance of monitors can only be made in special workshops.

Features of the power unit power supply.

All components of the system unit receive electricity from the power supply. PC power supply is an autonomous node located in the upper part of the system unit. Safety rules do not prohibit the system unit, for example, when installing additional internal devices or upgrading them, but this does not apply to the power supply. The power supply of the computer is a source of increased fire-hazard, so it is subject to autopsy and repair only in specialized workshops.
The power supply has a built-in fan and ventilation holes. In this regard, dust will inevitably accumulate in it, which can cause a short circuit. It is recommended periodically (one - twice a year) With a vacuum cleaner, remove dust from the power supply through the ventilation holes without opening the system unit. It is especially important to produce this operation before each transportation or tilt of the system unit.

System of hygienic requirements.

Requirements for the video system.

In the past, the monitor was considered Main as a source of harmful radiation acting primarily on the eyes. Today, this approach is considered insufficient. In addition to harmful electromagnetic radiation (which on modern monitors are reduced to a relatively safe level), the image quality parameters must be taken into account, and they are determined not only by the monitor, but also a video adapter, that is, the entire video system as a whole.

Requirements for workplace.

The workstation requirements include desktop requirements, landing place (chair, chair), hand and foot standings. Despite the seeming simplicity, ensure the correct placement of the elements of the computer system and the correct landing of the user is extremely difficult. The complete solution of the problem requires additional costs comparable in magnitude with the cost of individual nodes of the computer system, therefore the bit and in production of these requirements are often neglected.
Despite the fact that schoolchildren spend a relatively little time in the computer class, to train their right labor hygiene on a decent example is very important that useful skills entrenched for life. This is not just the requirement of hygiene, but the requirement of the technique.

Requirements for organizing classes.

The monitor screen is not the only source of harmful electromagnetic emissions. Monitors developers have long been successfully engaged in their overcoming. Less attention is paid to harmful side radiation, arising from the side and rear walls of the equipment. In modern computer systems These zones are most dangerous.
The computer monitor should be positioned so that it is not facing the back wall, but to the wall of the room. In computer classes with several computers, jobs should be located along the periphery of the room, leaving a free center. In addition, it is necessary to check each of the jobs for the lack of direct reflection of external light sources. As a rule, it is simultaneously difficult to achieve this for all jobs. A possible solution is to use curtains on windows and thoughtful placement of artificial sources of general and local lighting.
Strong sources of electromagnetic emissions are uninterrupted power supply devices. They should be positioned as far as possible from the site of users.

In the organization of classes, their duration plays an important role, on which psycho-physiological loads depend. For schoolchildren of high schools, the duration of the session of work with a computer should not exceed 30 minutes, for students of junior classes - 20 minutes. The rest of the lesson of informatics is given to communicating with the teacher and teaching benefits.
In connection with the lack of equipment in computer classes, there are sometimes group classes, during which two-three students are engaged in one workplace. This organizational reception is unacceptable from a hygienic point of view. Some students have to be located on the side of the monitor, which negatively affects both the organs of vision and on the musculoskeletal system. The educational process must be planned so that each student can master the right techniques for working with a computer.

A.A. Silayov, L.Yu. Kuznetsova, N.D. Bobrisov-Pushkin, O.L. Popova, Department of Ecology of Man and Hygiene ambient GOU VPO "Moscow Medical Academy. THEM. Sechenov "Roszdrava

The process of computerization of the population is gaining momentum. Computers are available in many educational institutions of our country, in each third house there is a personal computer. The use of computers leads to activation of mental activities, forms positive motivations from most students to classes, makes it possible to increase the amount of information received, systematizes thinking. Along with this, the use of a computer is accompanied by an impact on the body of a number of factors that can have an adverse effect on the functional state and the performance of children and adolescents.

Friend or enemy?
The main physical factors affecting users of computers are the electromagnetic and electrostatic field, noise. Displays with electronolic tubes are also potential sources of X-ray, ultraviolet and infrared radiation. Noise levels from working computers and peripheral devices (printers) can be 60-65 dBa (with a hygienic rate of 50 dBA). If computers meet the State Standard of the Russian Federation and have a sanitary and epidemiological conclusion, then all these radiation are insignificant and have no harmful effect on a person. However, in reality, in case of hygienic examinations of computer science offices, the saturation of their polymer, synthetic and paint materials is drawn to educational institutions. This leads to additional pollution of the air of the premises of the harmful chemicals (formaldehyde, acetone, toluene, phenol, ozone). Levels of artificial illumination in workplaces in classes are usually understated (150-200 lux).

The study of microclimate of computer science offices shows that in all seasons of the year the air temperature exceeds the optimal levels in 70% of cases and is 22-23 ° C (at a rate of 19-21 ° C). The relative humidity of the air in 60% of cases is at the level of the lower boundary of the norm (55%). Significant dry air is a significant disadvantage of classrooms, and this contributes to accumulating microparticles with a high electrostatic charge, capable of adsorbing dust particles and therefore easily penetrate into light, cause conjunctivitis and dermatitis.

Mishenia systems
It has been established that a considerable negative impact on the user has intense visual work with the monitor. After a long time, the user has redness of the eyes, the shield before the eyes, obscure outlines of objects, the feeling of fatigue, sand, heat in the eyes, discomfort. This condition is determined now as a manifestation of asthenopia, or computer visual syndrome. The frequency of asthenopia in users of computers is from 10 to 40%. In addition, objective changes in the visual system are noted: a decrease in visual acuity, violation of accommodation, binocular vision, stereoration. After 30 minutes of work on a computer that meets the hygienic requirements, 21-26% of children are presented with asthenopic complaints, and if the computer inconsistent is inconsistent with hygienic requirements, the number of complaints increases to 40%.

The main reason for such disorders is the features of visual work on the computer: it is accompanied by frequent focus on the keyboard on the screen, analysis and adjustment of the results playable on the screen. In addition, the tension of the visual analyzer is determined by a number of other reasons: high-frequency (50-70 Hz) image discreteness; Unusual contrast between the background and symbols on the monitor screen; trembling or flashing images; the distance from the eyes to the screen, the direction of the view cannot be optionally changed and often differ from the conditions that happen when reading print text, etc. All this leads to increased fatigue of vision and general fatigue, pathological violations in the activities of the central nervous system and the psyche of the child. The frequency of mental disorders in the form of anxiety, irritability, depression users of computers ranges from 25 to 70%. Sleep breakdown is detected in 15-45% of users.

Many researchers during the examination of children register a significant load on the musculoskeletal system. Ostial-sacral muscle when working at a computer is experiencing a load at 8.5%, and the trapezoidal - 13.5% of the arbitrary maximum strength of these muscles, which corresponds to a significant load on the muscular apparatus. In conjunction with a large number of movements with hands when working with the keyboard (and they can reach several thousand for the period of operation), this leads to the overwriting of the neuromuscular machine. Therefore, children who still have a muscular apparatus, execution large number Local motions with low general motor activity causes a slowdown slowdown and changing the normal stroke of the reduction process. At the same time, adverse shifts are summed up, transition to overwork, which is essentially the pre -tological state of the neuromuscular hand apparatus. Violations in a state of health are aggravated by the fact that schoolchildren spend a considerable time for computers both in school lessons and at home. As a result of a survey of 1000 students in Moscow schools, researchers have established that they actively play 2/3 schoolchildren playing computer games (the beginning of activity is noted in the 5-7th grades and decreases from schoolchildren of grades).

COMPUTER ADDICTION
Every year the number of children are increasing, which can be attributed to a computer-dependent group. Computer dependence (ludomania, or a game dependence) is difficult to treat, because it is a combination of a state similar to drug addiction and obsessive states. WHO has made a computer dependence in the category of hazardous mental disorders. Patients lose interest in everything, except for their computer games and communicating on the Internet. According to domestic psychiatrists, 4-6% of users in Russia suffer from this disorder, and about 70% of them are children and adolescents. Children become aggressive if they are limited to access to a computer, throw their studies, they lack other desires and interests, they begin to deceive (a popular lie - I am preparing for the control). Computer dependence leads to the fact that many children continue to play in their imagination (in a dream or during the time of wakefulness), do not take food on time. Such children may have bouts of fear, anxiety, obsessive states, violations of social adaptation (deterioration of relationships with peers, parents, teachers). According to psychologists, the children and adolescents, who have difficulty in communicating, dissatisfaction, having low self-esteem, complexes, or nature, are subject to psychologists. The computer (primarily the game and the Internet) gives them the opportunity to escape from reality, realize their desires, feel significant, strong, armed, experience some new emotions. In the virtual world you can easily change age, gender, name, appearance and biography. It is noted that children conducting a lot of time at a computer cease to fantasize, become unable to create their own visual images, they have emotional immaturity, irresponsibility, decreases the effectiveness of certain types of memory. Boys are more often affected by computer dependence. The most dangerous for the development of dependence specialists consider role-playing games, especially if their plot is associated with violence.

All of the above requires special regulation of the work of children and adolescents with computers. Controlled and regulated computer training does not have a negative impact on the growth, development and state of schoolchildren's health and contributes to the development of working capacity, spatial orientation, thinking.

Norma
The results of physiological hygienic studies have made it possible to develop basic requirements for organizing work on computers of children of various age groups, to the workplace of the user, to hygienic conditions in the premises.

These claims are set out in Sanpin "Hygienic Requirements for Personal Electronic Computing Machines and Work Organization" (SanPine 2.2.2./2/4/1340-03). All personal computers used must comply with the requirements of the GOST and the sanitary rules in terms of electromagnetic fields. sound pressure, visual monitor parameters. It is desirable to use liquid crystal or plasma monitors. It must be grounded equipment to reduce the levels of electromagnetic fields. The design of the monitor should provide for manual adjustment of brightness and contrast, as well as the tilt of the screen. It is unacceptable to simultaneously using one computer by two users.

The distance from the screen to the child's eye should be 60-70 cm, the line of sight should have to the middle or top of the screen. This can be achieved through the use of furniture corresponding to the Rostov data of the child. The design of the working chair should ensure the maintenance of rational working poses to reduce the static stress of the cervical muscles and the back to prevent fatigue (optimally - a chair with a high back and armrests).

The illumination on the desktop should be 300-500 suite, on the monitor screen - 300 lux. To create such light, it is recommended to additionally use desktop lamp To illuminate the keyboard. To limit direct brillples from light sources, it is necessary to apply lamps of scattered light, blinds or curtains on the windows. The optimal orientation of windows of premises for working with a computer is the north and northeast.

It is necessary to periodically carry out the room to create a favorable microclimate (19-21 ° C, at 55-62% of air humidity), to create the required humidity of air, it is possible to use industrial and domestic humidifiers or frequent humid cleaning.

To reduce fatigue and improve performance, especially the visual analyzer, it is necessary to individually configure the monitor in the brightness and contrast indicators, optimally select the background color and font (white or yellow signs are recommended on a blue background, black signs on a green or white background), and font size.

Compliance with the right mode of operation on the computer also contributes to a decrease in the stress of the eyes and the development of fatigue. Children under 3 years should not be allowed to use computers, it is too high emotional and visual load for them. Children 3-7 years old should be at the screen not more than 15 minutes a day. At the same time, computer gaming classes in preschool institutions are recommended not more often than two times a week and be sure to complete their eyes gymnastics.

For schoolchildren, the continuous duration of classes with a computer should not exceed: in 1-5th grades -15 minutes, in the 5-7th grades - 20 minutes, 8-9th grades - 25 minutes, 10-11th grades - 30 minutes on the first hour of classes and 20 minutes on the second.

Homemade schoolchildren with a computer must be laid in the same time frame. Temporary restrictions on the displays exist for students of secondary special and higher students educational institutions, as well as for children in health and educational camps.

It is necessary to alternate work on a computer with other types of work, it is not recommended to carry out computer classes and games before bedtime or instead of time allotted for walks and other wellness activities.

The most tedious for children of the game with an imposed rhythm (the pace of the game is given by the computer and pauses and stops are not provided). Hygienists recommend continuous duration of such games to limit 10 minutes for students. elementary school and 15 minutes for older schoolchildren.

Contraindications
The main contraindications to work with a computer in children are myopia to high degree, epilepsy and epileptiform attacks, conclusion about the possibility of work gives an oculist or neuropathologist. In myopia, the child should work at the computer with glasses per 1-1.5 diopthesis weaker and observe the sparing mode of visual work.

Prevention
To prevent the development of overwork when working with a computer, it is necessary to carry out a set of activities that include special eye exercises every 20-25 minutes of work, physical assemblies to improve the functional state of the nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory systems, and the muscles of the shoulder belt, hands, Back, neck, legs.

For the prevention of computer addiction, daily communication of adults with children, unobtrusive control over them, involve them in the home life and life of a children's team, organization of leisure of a child (sports sections, various courses, circles). If a child seeks to spend a long time at the computer and he has symptoms of computer addiction, it must be advised by a psychologist or psychiatrist, in specialized rehabilitation centers for children and adolescents or by phone "hot" line (game dependences) that are in major cities .

List of references:

Kuchma V.R. Hygiene children and adolescents. M.: Gootar Media, 2008. - 473 p.
Rosenblum Yu.Z., Kornishushina TA, Faigin A.A. Computer and organ of vision. M.: Rick CJSC Medical Newspaper, 1998. - 22 p.
Sanpin 2.2.2 / 2.4.1340-03. Hygienic requirements for personal electronic computing machines and work organization.
Chernozekov I.E. Computer and children. M.: Aes, 1998. - 96 p.

Information about authors:
Alexander Alexandrovich Silayov, Associate Professor of the Department of Ecology of Human and Environmental Hygiene GOU VPO "Moscow Medical Academy. THEM. Sechenov "Roszdrava, Cand. honey. Science
Love Yulievna Kuznetsova, Associate Professor of the Department of Ecology of Man and Environmental Hygiene GOU VPO "Moscow Medical Academy. THEM. Sechenov "Roszdrava, Cand. honey. Science
Natalia Dmitrievna Bobrov, Pushkin, Associate Professor of the Department of Ecology of Human and Environment Hygiene GOU VPO "Moscow Medical Academy. THEM. Sechenov "Roszdrava, Cand. honey. Science
Olga Leonidovna Popova, Assistant Department of Human Ecology and Environment Hygiene GOU VPO "Moscow Medical Academy. THEM. Sechenov "Roszdrava, Cand. honey. Science

Developed by employees of Rospotrebnadzor

Hygienic requirements for working with a personal computer

In order to prevent the adverse effects of harmful factors of the employment process on the health of users personal computers (hereinafter PC) it is necessary to comply with a number of recommendations in the organization of work.

1.Requirements for premises for working with PC

1.1. When choosing a workplace equipped with a computer, preference should be given to rooms oriented to the north or northeast.

1.2. Not allowed to equip workplace To work with a PC in rooms located in the basement and basement.

1.3. The area at one workplace with a PC on the basis of an electron-beam tube should be at least 6 mq., And when working with liquid crystal (plasma) monitors - 4.5 m. sq.

1.4. The desktop (workplace) is placed in such a way that the monitor is oriented by the side of the windows, and the natural light fell mainly on the left.

1.5. To prevent indoor selection with the installed PC products of the decay of synthetic and paint materials (under the action of temperature or as a result of aging), polymeric materials are used in the implementation of the interior decoration in the presence of sanitary and epidemiological conclusion; It is not recommended to use chipboard, layered paper plastic, synthetic coatings (carpet, etc.)

1.6. In order to protect against direct sunlight on the windows there must be sunscreen blinds or monophonic curtains of dense fabric, which are performed and the function of sound absorption. The color of the curtains must be harmonized with the color of the walls, the width of the curtain 2 times the windows width in order for them to hang in the folds.

1.7. In the room there is a daily wet cleaning, including cleaning dust from monitor screens, tables, window sills, as well as systematic ventilation after each hour of operation, subject to the lack of a child in this room.

2. Personal Requirements

To ensure more convenient monitor screen monitor, the PC design should provide:

The possibility of rotation of the monitor screen in the horizontal and vertical plane with fixation in a given position;

Regulation of brightness and contrast.

The design of the PC should provide for the color of the case into calm soft tones. PC housing, keyboard and other blocks and devices must have a matte surface and not have brilliant parts capable of creating glare.

3. Requirements for lighting at workplaces

3.1. The premises provided for work with PC must necessarily have artificial and natural lighting.

3.2. Artificial lighting in premises for the operation of the PC should be carried out by a general uniform lighting system (chandeliers, ceiling lamps), if necessary, you can additionally install local lighting lamps.

3.3. The normalized illumination on the table surface is 300-500 LCs, on the monitor screen - no more than 300 LCs.

3.4. As artificial, incandescent lamps or fluorescent lamps can be used. However, it is preferable to use fluorescent lamps, since they give illumination 4-5 times more than incandescent bulbs. In addition, provide more accurate color reproduction, the light from them in its composition is close to natural. Unlike incandescent lamps, luminescent are not thermal, but a "cold" source of light, which does not lead to an additional heating of the room, as well as due to the greater surface this type The lamps occurs a uniform distribution of light in the room.

3.5. Luminescent lamps such as LB (yellow luminescence) should be used as lighting lights with artificial lighting. LEDs such as LD and the LDC (blue glow) are not used.

3.6.Luminescent lamps should be protected by shielding lattices or diffusers to prevent blinding lamps on the PC user's eye and eye glare on the surface of the monitor screens.

3.7. When used in the system of general illumination of incandescent lamps, the type of lamps is selected by the same principle - the plafoons (or fittings) must close the heat thread.

3.8. No fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps should not be used.

3.9. It is necessary to clean the windows of window frames and lamps at least twice a year and the timely replacement of blurred lamps.

4. Requirements to the levels of electromagnetic emissions on the workplaces of users of PC

One of the harmful factors of the influence on the body of the PC user are electromagnetic radiation (AM), created by the monitor, processor, printer, keyboard, connecting cables. Exceeding the normalized emissions of EMIs occurs when using outdated computers, but the most common cause is incorrectly performed connection and absence

(or poor-quality) grounding. The effects of these radiation, especially in combination with high visual and nervous-emotional stress, causes significant changes from the central nervous and cardiovascular system (headaches, irritability, sleep disruption, inadequate mental reactions).

5.General requirements for organizing PC users

5.1. The monitor should be from the user's eye at a distance of at least 50 cm (optimal phones). The level of the eye should have to go to the center or 2/3 of the screen height. Consequently, work at one monitor 2 or more people is unacceptable.

5.2. Construction of the workplace (table, chair, chairs, etc.) should ensure that the rational working posture is maintained - the hull is straightened, the natural bends of the spinal column are preserved, the head is slightly tilted forward, to remove static voltage from the shoulder belt and the hands of the forearm rest on Table surface. The rational working pose will reduce the tension of the muscles of the cervical area, muscles of the back and prevent the development of fatigue.

5.3. The working chair (armchair) should be a lifting-turning, adjustable in height and the corners of the tilt of the seat and backs, as well as the back distance from the front edge of the seat, and the adjustment of each parameter must be independent, easily implemented and have reliable fixation.

5.4. In the presence of a high table and chair that do not match the growth of students should use the height-adjustable stand stand.

The main sizes of the table and the stool must correspond to the growth of the PC user (Appendix No. 1).

Requirements for microclimate

The optimal parameters of the temperature in the room with PC are from +19 to + 21Gradus Celsius, with a relative humidity of 62-55%. At low moisture values, in combination with a high temperature, dryness of the mucous membranes and the feeling of the throat is noted. To enhance air humidity, various humidifiers should be used (conventional vessels with distilled or boiled water can be used).

Requirements for labor and recreation

An important factor in organizing computer learning is strict observance of labor and recreation regimes, conducting classes on individual graphs, taking into account medical recommendations. The duration of working using a PC is no more than 40 minutes, including physical investigators and pauses, as well as preventive eye exercises.

For children 6-10 years - 15 minutes;

For children 10-13 years old - 20 min;

Over 13 years old - 25-30 minutes (on the 2nd hour of work not more than 20 minutes).

The optimal number of classes during the day:

For children 6-10 years old, 1 occupation;

For children 10-13 years old - 2 classes;

Over 13 years old - 3 classes.

To prevent the development of overwork, compulsory activities are:

Conducting exercises for eyes through eachmine. Work (Appendix No. 2);

Device breaks after each lesson for at least 15 minutes;

During interruptions of end-to-end air ventilation with VDV or PEVM in the absence of children;

Conducting exercises of physical attacks for 1 - 2 minutes. For the removal of fatigue, which are performed individually when the initial signs of fatigue ( Appendix number 3.);

Performing preventive gymnastics (Appendix No. 4);

Occupation with computers regardless of the age of children should be carried out in the presence of an educator, teacher or parent.

Appendices №1

Single Table Height for PC

Growth of students in shoes, see	Height above the floor, mm
	table surface

Note: The width and depth of the foot space are defined by the design of the table.

The main dimensions of the chair for students

Parameters stool	Growth of students in shoes, see

Seat height above the floor, mm
Seat width, not less, mm
Seat depth, mM.

application

Eye Exercise Complexes

Exercises are performed sitting or standing, turning away from the screen, with rhythmic breath, with the maximum amplitude of the eye movement.

Option 1

1. Close your eyes, strongly straining eye muscles, at the expense of 1 - 4, then reveal the eyes, relaxing the eye muscles, look at the distance to the account to repeat 4 - 5 times.

2. To look at the nose and delay the gaze to the account before the fatigue of the eye do not bring. Then open your eyes, look at the distance to the account to repeat 4 - 5 times.

3. Without turning the head, see the right and fix a look at the expense of 1 - 4, then see the distance directly to the account, exercises are carried out, but with the fixation of the glare, up and down. Repeat 3 - 4 times.

4. To move the look quickly diagonally: right up - left down, then right away at the expense of 1 - 6; Then left up to the right down and see the distance to the account to repeat 4 - 5 times.

Option 2.

1. Close the eyes, do not bother the eye muscles, at the expense of 1 - 4, widely reveal the eyes and see the distance to the account to repeat 4 - 5 times.

2. look at the tip of the nose on account 1 - 4, and then translate the distance into account to repeat 4 - 5 times.

3. Without turning the heads (head straight), do slowly circular movements with the eyes up-to-down-down-left and in the opposite direction: up-left-down-tonds. Then see the distance to the account to repeat 4 - 5 times.

4. With a fixed head, to translate the eye with fixation of it to the account 1 - 4 up, at the expense of 1 - 6 directly; After that, in the same way down-straight, right-straight, left-right. To make a movement diagonally into one and the other side with the translation of the eye directly to the account repeat 3 - 4 times.

Option 3.

1. Hold down right. Pour, not bothering eye muscles, on account 10-15.

2. Without turning the heads (head straight) with eyes closed, to see right to account 1 - 4, then left to the account 1 - 4 and directly to raise the eyes up on account 1 - 4, lower down to account 1 - 4 and translate The look directly to the account to repeat 4 - 5 times.

3. View the index finger, removed from the eye at a distance, at the expense of 1 - 4, then translate the gaze into account to repeat 4 - 5 times.

4. In an average pace, to do 3 - 4 circular movements to the right side, as much on the left side and, relaxing the eye muscles, to look into the distance to repeat 1 - 2 times.

application

Complexes of exercise physical culture

Fizkultminutka (FM) contributes to the removal of local fatigue. The content of FM is different and are intended for a specific impact on a particular muscle group or system of the body depending on the well-being and feeling of fatigue.

I. P.-Source position.

I. Fizkultminutki total impact

1. I. p. - Hands in the side of the Merchant Movement of the HRM, but in the other way. Hands do not strain. Repeat 4 - 6 times. The pace is slow. Breathing arbitrary.

2. I. p. - Rack of the feet apart, hands on the casualties of spring movement to the pelvic to the right, keeping and. p. Shoulder belt. 4 - and. P. Repeat 4 - 6 times in each direction. The tempo is medium. Breathing Do not detain.

3. I. p. - about. from. 1 - Hands to the side, torso and head turn left. 2 - Hands up. 3 - Hands behind the head. 4 - and. P. Repeat 4 - 6 times in each direction. The pace is slow.

II. Physkultminthork to improve cerebral circulation

Tilts and turns of the head have mechanical impact on the walls of the cervical blood vessels, increase their elasticity; The irritation of the vestibular apparatus causes the expansion of the blood vessels of the brain. Respiratory exercises, especially breathing through the nose, change their blood flow. All this enhances the cerebral circulation, increases its intensity and facilitates mental activity.

1 complex

1. I. P. - Hands behind the head; elbows dilute sewing, tilt head back. 2 - Elbows ahead, relaxed down, tilt the head forward. Repeat 4 - 6 times. The pace is slow.

2. I. p. - Sitting on the breathtakes head back and smoothly tilt the head round tilt forward, shoulders do not lift. Repeat 4 - 6 times. The pace is slow.

2 complex

1. I. P.- Standing or sitting, hands on the pre-barrier with the right hand back with a turn of the body and head the right of the same hand. Repeat 4 - 6 times. The pace is slow.

2. I. n. - standing or sitting, hands on the sides, palm forward, fingers diluted. 1 - clasping himself by the shoulders with his hands hard and further. 2 - and. n. the same left. Repeat 4 - 6 times. The pace is fast.

3. I. p. - Sitting on a chair, hands on the belt. 1 - Turn the head right. 2 - and. n. the same left. Repeat 6 - 8 times. The pace is slow.

3 complex

1. I. p. - standing or sitting, hands on the belt. 1 - Mach, put the left hand through the right shoulder, turn left. 2 - and. Veto right hand. Repeat 4 - 6 times. The pace is slow.

2. I. P. Cotton in your hands behind, hands raise back possible above. 2 - Move the hands through the sides, cotton in your hands ahead at the head level. Repeat 4 - 6 times. The pace is fast.

3. I. p. - Sitting on a chair. 1 - head to tilt to the right. 2 - and. Clause 3 - head tilt to the left. 4 - and. P. Repeat 4 - 6 times. The tempo is medium.

4 complex

1. I.p. - standing or sitting. 1 - Hands to shoulders, brushes in fists, tilt head back. 2 - turn your hands with elbows up, tilt your head forward. Repeat 4 - 6 times. The tempo is medium.

2. I. p. - Standing or sitting, hands on the side of the barber bent with his hands inside: right in front of the body, left for the body. 4 - and. Vecto in the other direction. Repeat 4 - 6 times. The pace is fast.

3. I. p. - Sitting. 1 - head to tilt to the right. 2 - and. Clause 3 - head tilt to the left. 4 - and. P. 5 - head turn right. 6 - and. Clause 7 - the head turn left. 8 - and. P. Repeat 4 - 6 times. The pace is slow.

III. Fizkultminthork for removing fatigue

from the shoulder belt and hands

Dynamic exercises with alternating voltage and relaxation of individual muscle groups of shoulder belts and hands improve blood supply, reduce tension.

1 complex

1. I. p. 1 - lift shoulders. 2 - Lower the shoulders. Repeat 6 - 8 times, then pause 2 - 3 s, relax the muscles of the shoulder belt. The pace is slow.

2. I. p. - Hands bent before breastwood Spring jerk bent back hands with straight arms. Repeat 4 - 6 times. The tempo is medium.

2 complex

1. I. P.- Brushes in fists. Counter Mahi hands back and forth. Repeat 4 - 6 times. The tempo is medium.

2. I. P. - 1-4 - arcs on the hand side up, while making them small funnel-shaped drivers on the hands of the hands relaxed down and shake up. Repeat 4 - 6 times. The tempo is medium.

3. I. P. - the back side of the brush on the belly forward, tilt the head to go ahead. Repeat 6 - 8 times, then your hands down and shake relaxed. The pace is slow.

3 complex

1. I. P.- 1 - Hands ahead, palm with the hands of the hands of the hand in the opposite sides relaxed down. Repeat 4 - 6 times. The tempo is medium.

2. I. Pruhuki freely in the sides, slightly progress. 2 - Relaxing the muscles of the shoulder belt, "drop" hands and lift them in front of the breast. Repeat 6 - 8 times. The tempo is medium.

4 complex

1. I. Pinugi inside, hands up - to the sides, progress, head back. 2 - Hands behind the head, tilt the head forward. 3 - "drop" hands. 4 - and. P. Repeat 4 - 6 times. The tempo is medium.

2. I. p. - Hands to the shoulders, brushes in catfishly turn hands with forearms and straighten them on the sides, brushes to the back side. 3 - hands relaxed down. 4 - and. P. Repeat 6 - 8 times, then relaxed down and shake with brushes. The tempo is medium.

3. I. P.- 1 - Right hand forward, left up. 2 - change the position of the hands. Repeat 3 - 4 times, then relaxed down and shake with tassels, tilt your head forward. The tempo is medium.

application

Preventive gymnastics

To remove static and neuro-emotional stress, you can use conventional exercises, mainly for the upper part of the body (arm, turns, turns, "cutting firewood", etc.), games in the fresh air. Spectative gymnastics is recommended for removal of voltage. Even with a small duration (1 min.), But regularly conducting it is an effective measure of the prevention of fatigue. The effectiveness of visual gymnastics is due to the fact that when performing special exercises (described below), periodic switching of vision is provided with a neighbor to the far, the stress with the ciliary muscles of the eye is removed, the recovery processes of the accommodation apparatus of the eye are activated, as a result of which the vision function is normalized. In addition, there is a special exercise (with a label on glass), designed to train and develop the accommodative function of the eye.

Time and place of gymnastics

Spectatic gymnastics is held in the middle of the classes with PC (after 5 minutes. Works - for five-year and after 7 - 8 min. - For six-year children) and at the end or after the whole developing classes using PCs (after the final part).

Exercise 1 with visual labels

In the room on the walls and in the corners, bright visual labels are suspended. They can be toys or colorful pictures). Toys (pictures) are advisable to pick up so that they constitute a single visual gaming plot, for example, from famous fairy tales.

Examples of gaming scenes can be the following: the machine is placed in the center of the wall (or dove, or airplane, or butterfly). In the corners under the ceiling wall - colored garages. Children are invited to follow the passage of the passage of the car to the garages or to the repair site. The pigeon can fly on a twig or in a house.

Methodology of exercise

Raise the child from workplaces: Exercise is held at the workplace.

Explain to the child that they have to do: by team, without turning the head, one eye of the eyes, trace the movement of the car into the blue garage, then into green, etc.

It is necessary to translate a look from one mark to another on account 1 - 4.

It is advisable to show a child, on which subject it is necessary to stop every time. You can guide the child's glance consistently for each label, and it is possible - in random order.

The viewing speed should not be very large. It is necessary to translate the look so slowly so that for all the exercise it was no more than 12 finish fixations.

It is necessary to control the fact that the child does not turn the head during the execution of the exercise.

Exercise 2 with visual labels and head turns

It is performed in the same way as the previous exercise, but the child must perform it with the turns of the head.

The game object can serve as a Christmas tree you need to dress. Toys and animals needed for this purpose, the child must find across the entire computer room.

Method of exercise

1. Ask a child to climb from the workplace and get up near the stool.

2. The task is explained: Here is a Christmas tree (on the table, or a large image of the Christmas tree in the picture in the center of the wall or just below), it must be adjusted.

3. It is necessary to observe the following conditions: "Strong straight, without shifting from place of foot, turning one head alone, find the toys in the computer room, which you could dress up and name them."

4. The pace of exercise is arbitrary.

5. Duration - 1 min.

When performing all physical exercises, one more condition must be performed: follow the ventilation mode. If time is summer, then the exercises can be performed when open windows or outdoors. If winter time, then the room is ventilated before, and after gymnastics.

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