Information and its manifestations. Information is data in various forms What happens to information

I am often asked about how to improve memory, read faster and take in more information.

But in fact, too much information is extremely harmful to your intellect and makes you dumber.

Modern life has an important feature: a lot of information falls on a person. Websites, social networks, mailing lists, instant messengers, video channels convey tons of information to a person. YouTube alone is viewed over four billion times a day.

As a result, modern man finds himself in a paradoxical situation:

• on the one hand, any information is very easy to find,
• on the other hand, a person is inundated with completely meaningless information.

Let's see what happens to your intellect when you continuously read, listen and watch too much information.

Perception of the world

Never try to understand
what you can't understand.
- Not understood…
"And don't try!"

In order to survive in a changing world, your intelligence has two features:

• intelligence reacts faster to changing information,
• intelligence quickly forgets unnecessary information.

Under natural conditions, these two features of intelligence work perfectly. Somewhere a branch creaked, we instantly forget what we were thinking about now, and listen: what if a bear?

But if nothing else happens, then attention will return to what we are currently doing. A creaking branch will quickly be forgotten.

The process of forgetting a person occurs during sleep. When the conscious mind is asleep, the subconscious clears unnecessary memories from the memory.

Let's see how these features of the intellect operate in the conditions of our ordinary life.

Each person has many problems that need to be solved. And in this moment your thinking is occupied with some problem.

Thinking is a process that is like assembling a puzzle. You take turns collecting facts and revealing the big picture. At some point, you put the last element, and that's it - the picture has developed.

Let's imagine that at the moment of solving a problem, you receive a new message. This is tantamount to the fact that you have added elements from another picture to the puzzle. And now, when assembling, you need to separate one picture from another. The task has become more difficult.

The main thing is that you cannot help but read the incoming message. The brain keeps telling you: “Suddenly something important! Suddenly there is a bear! Now people even have a neurosis of unread messages, a person cannot think about anything else when he sees the symbol of an unread message.

Now imagine a situation where information comes from all directions. Every news you read, article, video you watch adds a scoop of new elements to your puzzle. And now your entire table is covered with elements of dozens of paintings.

And your thinking is not so much solving the problem as trying to somehow understand what is happening in general. Thinking slows down and you become more and more stupid.

The next morning you have forgotten most of what you saw, heard and read yesterday. It didn't work for you. Moreover, since you were not solving problems, but simply collecting information, your problems only increased.

Protection from unnecessary information

The most unrealistic thing about Harry Potter is
that all children use knowledge,
received at school.

To protect yourself from unnecessary information, you need to remember why information is needed at all.

Any information we need in order to execute our . We are interested in the cinema schedule only at the moment when we are going to watch a movie.

Similarly, you need to look at any information. Why do you need her? What is your desire for it? Specifically now.

If it’s not related to anything at all, then don’t watch, don’t listen, turn it off, delete it.

You become stupid when you mindlessly absorb information,
And you get smarter when you solve your problems.

During operation, it is advisable to completely disconnect yourself from unnecessary messages. Work only with the information you need right now.

And even this information try to use to a minimum. Your main task is thinking. If you think well, then you do not need a lot of information. You need some key data on which to make decisions.

Let's say you are currently looking for information on the current problem. How do you know when to stop and stop searching?

Again, the puzzle example will help us. When do you stop jigsaw puzzles? When the picture is clear Also with information, when everything became clear to you and you can act, act immediately.

Remember - you get smarter the moment you solve your life problem. The faster you solve them, the smarter you are. When you choke on an excess of information, you can no longer think or act.

Want to think faster?
Clear your mind
from excess debris.

The term "information" has turned into a general scientific concept, including the exchange of information between people, a person and an automaton, an automaton and an automaton; signal exchange in the animal and plant world; transfer of traits from cell to cell, from organism to organism (for example, genetic information); one of the basic concepts of cybernetics.

Encyclopedic YouTube

1 / 5

✪ Ordered Information - the basis of the Universe

✪ Lecture 1 | Introduction to Information Theory | Andrey Romashchenko | Lectorium

✪ COFFEE. Know it about Coffee. Attention EVERYONE! Vital important information! Harm Coffee. Frolov Yu A

✪ What is information theory?

✪ Information, amount of information

Subtitles

In the first half of the 17th century, Nikolai Kaepernik suggested that the Earth has the shape of a ball that rotates not only around its own axis, but also around the Sun. Developing his ideas, the English astronomer Thomas Digges suggested that space is infinite and filled with stars. The Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno was the first to identify stars with distant suns. In 1775, in his treatise, Immanuel Kant suggested that the Galaxy could be a rotating body in the form of a twisted spiral, consisting of a huge number of stars held by the forces of gravity. Observing the Galaxy from a point inside it, in particular from our Solar System, the resulting disk will be visible in the night sky as a bright band. Modern cosmology continues to be replenished with unique information. Scientists put forward the theory of the Big Bang, study the so-called relic radiation, observe the expansion of the universe, there are versions of the existence of dark matter and dark energy. Relatively recently, information about black holes, formed a version of their origin. Scientists are making more and more discoveries and getting more and more information. So, does dark matter really exist? What are black holes and is there a limit to the universe? And in general, how did the whole universe actually form? And what if the whole Universe is nothing but an illusion... And its essence is Information? Who am I real? Why am I here? What is my purpose? Where to find answers? What if?.. We thought about these and other interesting questions about the universe after reading the AllatRa book. And like many people, we had a lot of questions. Let's search for answers together! But what if, in addition to the material world in which we live, there is an intangible world, a primary world? After all, science has long known that the human eye is far from perfect, it perceives electromagnetic waves in the range from 400 to 700 nanometers. Of course, thanks to modern technology, science can see more than the human eye. But despite the multitude of already known waves of the most diverse nature, even they, in terms of the spectrum, occupy the smallest interval of radiation. Today, people often try to explain the invisible with examples of the visible. But on the creaky cart of a purely materialistic worldview one cannot get far in real science. Therefore, modern scientists still do not have a clear idea of, for example, what the electricity, or what is gravity and a black hole. In order to understand and delve into the nature of these phenomena, one must have a different worldview, different from the material one. And what if these phenomena only manifest themselves in the world of matter, but originate in the spiritual world? "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God" (Gospel of John) There is a common essence in various spiritual teachings and religious legends of the peoples of the world. From the world of God, which is called differently in the legends, for example, the world's waters, the world's oceans, the world of the Primordial, the world of the Creator, the primary sound appeared. The same sound, which is called differently: the mythical Bird, Sound, the First Logos, the Word of God. In the modern scientific world, they agreed to use only one theory. This is the Big Bang theory. It is known that our Universe at some point in time, but to be more specific 15 billion years ago, was born ... let's say, it had very small dimensions (10 minus 33 degrees of a centimeter). Imagine Now humanity can The size of an atom is somewhere around 10 minus 8 centimeters, the size of the nucleus is 10 minus 13 centimeters. Further, with the help of all kinds of experiments, we can penetrate deep and consider scales of the order of 10 minus 16 degrees (-17, - 18), but we are talking about scales of 10 minus 33 degrees. That is, zero, and then 33 zeros after the decimal point, centimeters. Here the universe began with such a very small region of space-time. This area has expanded rapidly. There was a so-called inflationary stage. The expansion of the universe happened very quickly, that is, the universe from a size of 10 to minus 33 centimeters increased to a size of, well, about 10 to the 20th power of a centimeter. Elementary particles were born, they began to interact with each other. And then the process of education began. First nuclei were formed, then atoms were formed from nuclei. Well, the formation of planets, galaxies, and so on and so forth. What if there was no Big Bang at all? What if it's just a theory that, thanks to modern technologies, will be revised in the near future? Remember? This is like the story of molecules and atoms, when they were considered whole and indivisible, and their internal structure and their appearance were poorly understood. The further scientists delve into matter, the more they find voids in it. What if all matter is empty? But what if it is an illusion created by God, the thought of God? That is, the spiritual world. But for what purpose? Scientists were able to delve into the microworld. We found out that the body consists of cells, cells of molecules, molecules of simple chemical elements. But what exactly is a chemical element? Chemical element is a certain type of atom, which is characterized by the number of protons, neutrons and electrons. Between the nucleus of an atom and the electrons, which are located on different arbetals, there are huge huge distances. Relatively speaking - empty. Because the nucleus of an atom is formed from protons and neutrons, neutrons are neutrally charged, protons are positively charged, and electrons are negatively charged, they are in different stationary orbits. There are closer to the core, there are more distant from the core and (they) form different clouds. The so-called electron density. But it is important to note that living matter, for example, consists of organs, tissues and cells. And cells already, if they are studied in more detail at the micro level, consist of molecules. But between individual molecules there are huge empty spaces, so to speak. And molecules, in turn, are made up of atoms, which are also separated by huge empty spaces. So, one small particle is divided into other smaller particles. And what if this division ends in absolute emptiness. It exists everywhere, both in the microcosm and in the macrocosm. What if this is pure energy? The so-called Po energy, constituting a single field of varieties of all energies and matter arising from them. And then the expression "God is omnipresent" becomes clear. Po energy impulses generate waves that change space and time. That is, in its essence, matter exists according to the laws of wave nature. The fact that matter is a product of the great void, "tao", was known four thousand years ago to Indian philosophers and about two and a half thousand years ago to Chinese sages. They visualized absolute emptiness as the smooth surface of a lake in the absence of wind. The emerging particle of matter from the void was compared with the appearance of ripples on the surface of the lake under the influence of the wind. "Wind" in given vein- this is the divine essence, with which He creates and destroys everything. In 1897, the English physicist Thomson discovered the electron. The electron was considered the first elementary particle. That is, the first brick of matter. However, is this most important particle really structureless? Today, scientists have deduced a hypothetical particle "graviton", which is not experimentally proven, but it is theoretically calculated that gravity consists of it. The graviton is most suitable for denoting a Po particle, and therefore, purely hypothetically, it can be argued that of all the "fundamental" particles, only the graviton is truly such. But what if the well-known indivisible electron consists of as many as 13 Po particles, a neutrino of five Po particles, the rest consist of 3, 5, 7, 12, 33, 70, and so on, Po particles. Moreover, many so-called fundamental particles, consisting of the same Po number, but having different forms and charge signs, respectively, play different roles in this theater of matter. It turns out that the entire universe is woven from Po particles. And this means that in the entire vast Universe there is not a single place where one could stick the thinnest needle, so much so that its tip does not rest against something, does not come into contact with something. But what exactly is a Po particle? And how was the universe created? But what if everything in this material world, including what people know today, from subatomic particles to an atom, from dust particles on shoes to clusters of galaxies in deep space, everything exists thanks to ordered information. It is the ordered information that creates matter, sets its properties, volume, shape, mass and other characteristics. Now we are not talking about the concept of "information" familiar to the human brain, we are talking about a slightly different manifestation of it. Although even in the usual sense for a person, the word "information" has several meanings, including "think, teach, explain", "shape, shape, form, create". For ease of understanding, let's conditionally call this ordered information - "information bricks". What are information bricks? Let's look at the following example. Imagine that one girl decided to conduct a kind of experiment. To do this, she needed: a glass aquarium, water and small bricks to add shape. In an empty glass aquarium, a girl assembles a castle from transparent foam plastic bricks like a children's designer. When one transparent brick is connected to another, a certain color appears, visible to the human eye. That is, she has a plan in her head on how to make a castle, she has the will to create it, and she has the forces, having applied which, she builds from this unusual material. The girl assembled the castle, which, with such a connection, became visible, she admires its beauty, volume, complexity of architecture. Then the girl, continuing the experiment, fills the aquarium with water. Water fills the aquarium with such force that it destroys the built castle. In this case, the foam bricks, once the elements of this castle, will float to the surface of the water, some separately, some in groups that still remain visible to the eye. In the end, the whole structure, under the pressure of water, breaks up into separate bricks, and there is not a trace left of the castle. If she removes all the water from the aquarium, the transparent styrofoam bricks will sink to the bottom. On their own, without her plan, will and application of force, they will not form into an orderly built castle. It will be just a chaotic bunch of foam bricks. You can shake the aquarium as much as you like, even for an eternity, mixing them, they will never become a castle until she builds it anew. So, it is these conditional invisible bricks that are a figurative comparison with information that creates matter, giving it certain parameters, shapes, volumes, masses, and so on. And the visible lock from our example is already one of the material products of ordered information, from which elementary subparticles are formed that make up atoms, molecules, chemical compounds, that is, all the matter of the Universe. And, finally, the will, the plan of construction and the power of application are the main components of the spiritual world, which are manifested in this world. But what if the basis of all matter is really information. And so what do not touch in the whole universe. But it will be enough to remove the information, as what we call matter will disappear, like a donut hole after you eat it. After all, as long as there is a bagel, there is a hole, only the bagel has been eaten, and the hole has disappeared. This is how matter disappears, there is no information - there is no manifestation of matter. The amount of matter in the universe is constantly changing, then its amount increases significantly, then decreases. At the same time, information is always stable, thanks to which the total mass of the Universe from the day of its Creation to this day has not changed by a single billionth of a gram. But if at least one informational brick disappeared, then the whole Universe would disappear. If a part disappears, the whole disappears. The Universe, which does not stop its movement, will reach a certain expansion and disappear. All ingenious, as always simple. These information building blocks of the universe never disappear anywhere, that is, they do not leave the limits of the Universe, as in our example with an aquarium, and exist in it in a strictly ordered form. But what if everything in this world is strictly ordered, exists according to a certain plan, will and power of the Builder? But what if a person in this regard, as the main creation, plays the most important role? Prepares itself for further existence. What if this is all true? Materials from Anastasia Novykh's book "AllatRa" were used in the film. The film was created by the participants of the international social movement ALLATRA Many thanks for the assistance in filming to the Director of the Museum of History of the Main Astronomical Observatory of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Kovalchuk Georgy Ulyanovich. Special thanks for the explanation of the physical processes of the cosmos by modern science to the head of the Department of Quantum Field Theory of the Kiev National University. T.G. Shevchenko D.Sc. Professor Vilchinsky Stanislav Yosifovich.

The essence and boundaries of the phenomenon

According to modern concepts, information is considered intangible, and what is contained in the structure of objects is usually called data ( representation form- ISO/IEC/IEEE 24765:2010).

History of the concept

The word "information" comes from (lat. informatio, which means information, clarification, familiarization.) The concept of information was considered by ancient philosophers.

Historically, two complex branches of science are directly involved in the study of information - cybernetics and informatics.

Informatics, which was formed as a science in the middle of the 20th century, separated from cybernetics and is engaged in research in the field of methods for obtaining, storing, transmitting and processing semantic information.

Studies of the semantic content of information are based on a complex of scientific theories under the general name of semiotics [ ] .

Information classification

Information can be divided into types according to various criteria:

• By way of perception:
  • Visual - perceived by the organs of vision.
  • Sound - perceived by the organs of hearing.
  • Tactile - perceived by tactile receptors.
  • Olfactory - perceived by olfactory receptors.
  • Taste - perceived by taste buds.
• By form of presentation:
  • Text - transmitted in the form of symbols intended to designate lexemes of the language.
  • Numerical - in the form of numbers and signs denoting mathematical operations.
  • Graphic - in the form of images, objects, graphs.
  • Sound - oral or in the form of recording and transmission of language lexemes by auditory means.
  • Video information - transmitted in the form of a video recording.
• By appointment:
  • Mass - contains trivial information and operates with a set of concepts understandable to most of the society.
  • Special - contains a specific set of concepts, when used, information is transmitted that may not be clear to the bulk of society, but is necessary and understandable within a narrow social group where this information is used.
  • Secret - transmitted to a narrow circle of people and through closed (secure) channels.
  • Personal (private) - a set of information about a person that determines the social position and types of social interactions within the population.

Information in various fields of knowledge

In mathematics

In mathematics, information is the general name for fundamental concepts in computer science, information theory, cybernetics, and also in mathematical statistics, in which a generalized intuitive idea of ​​information regarding any quantities or phenomena is concretized and formalized.

In computer science

The subject of study of informatics is precisely data: methods of their creation, storage, processing and transmission. Data is information in a formalized form (in digital form), which makes it possible to automate its collection, storage and further processing in a computer. From this point of view, information is an abstract concept, considered without regard to its semantic aspect, and the amount of information is usually understood as the corresponding amount of data. However, the same data can be encoded in different ways and have different volumes, therefore, sometimes the concept of "value of information" is also considered, which is associated with the concept of information entropy and is the subject of study of information theory.

In information theory

Related to information theory are radio engineering (the theory of signal processing) and informatics, related to the measurement of quantity transmitted information, its properties, and establishing limit relations for systems. The main branches of information theory are source coding (compressive coding) and channel (noise-correcting) coding. Information is not among the subjects of study of mathematics. However, the word "information" is used in mathematical terms - own information and mutual information, related to the abstract (mathematical) part of information theory. However, in mathematical theory, the concept of "information" is associated with exclusively abstract objects - random variables, while in modern information theory this concept is considered much more widely - as a property of material objects [ ] .

The connection between these two identical terms is undeniable. It is the mathematical apparatus random numbers used by the author of information theory Claude Shannon. He himself means by the term "information" something fundamental (irreducible). Shannon's theory intuitively assumes that information has content. Information reduces general uncertainty and informational entropy. The amount of information available to measure. However, he warns researchers against the mechanical transfer of concepts from his theory to other areas of science [ ] .

In control theory (cybernetics)

The founder of cybernetics, Norbert Wiener, gave the following definition of information: “Information is a designation of content that we received from the outside world in the process of adapting us and our feelings to it.”

A material system in cybernetics is considered as a set of objects that themselves can be in different states, but the state of each of them is determined by the states of other objects in the system. In nature, the set of system states is information, the states themselves are the primary the code or source code. Thus, each material system is a source of information.

Cybernetics defines subjective (semantic) information as the meaning or content of a message. Information is a characteristic of an object.

In the theory of algorithms

In semiotics

In physics

Quantum theory of information considers the general patterns of transmission, storage and transformation of information in systems that change according to the laws of quantum mechanics

Information

Information (from Latin informatio - explanation, presentation), originally - intelligence transmitted by some people to other people orally, in writing or in any other way (for example, with the help of conditional signals, using technical means etc.), as well as the process of transmitting or receiving this information.

Such a diverse use of the concept of I. prompted some scientists to give it a general scientific meaning. The founders of this general approach to the concept of I. were the English neurophysiologist W. R. Ashby and the French physicist L. Brillouin. They investigated questions of the generality of the concept of entropy in the theory of I. and thermodynamics, interpreting I. as negative entropy (negentropy). Brillouin and his followers began to study information processes from the point of view of second law of thermodynamics, considering the transfer of information to some system as an improvement of this system, leading to a decrease in its entropy. In some philosophical works, the thesis was put forward that I. is one of the main universal properties of matter.

Here, information is considered not only the information itself, but also the process of transmitting and receiving information. It is clear that information by itself does not make anyone informed without being transmitted and perceived. But this, of course, is not enough :) And the explanation of information by thermodynamics, reduction to cause-and-effect relationships and their statistics is a direct path to mystical uncertainty. So you can call the movement of atoms behavior based on their will, and generally fantasize anything. Such an approach in extending the concept to a wider range of phenomena, the actual destruction of the meaning of the concept is emphasized specifically in order to avoid this in any case.

Words are created by people in order to convey the meaning put into them as definitely as possible, and not in order to spread this meaning throughout the universe and then deceive themselves, taking it for an essence that is supposedly actually inherent in the universe, and not assigned to it by own whim.

The purpose of this article is to reveal the essence of what "information" gives - as that which is most naturally associated with the word "information".

In mathematics and physics, in fact, information is understood as information (data). First, as simply as possible, we will show what is the difference between information and information.
If you open a book in front of a cat, it will not understand what is written there. There are bits of information, but the cat is not informed in any way.
Another example, the so-called. "book knowledge": let's say you read a lot about Bali, went there with the feeling of an expert, but suddenly it turned out that you took what you read in a completely peculiar way and in fact there are completely different impressions.
These two examples are two levels of information functionality, which is information related to personal understanding of their meaning or personal significance perceived in the context of current conditions and one's style of perception.
That. information is only subjective, and information is present on their objective carrier, conditionally encoded on it. And in order to become informed, you must be involved in this convention. It is clear that neither mathematics nor physics operates with information, although this word is used at the suggestion of the pioneers, who were completely unaware of what meaning and significance are. Well, everything developed only within these frameworks.
It may be considered quite correct to use such a generally accepted term in these subject areas, but it has the meaning of information, and not information, more generally. Failure to understand the difference puts a very serious barrier to understanding the mechanisms of personal adaptability, because information is the key concept here. At the heart of everything is the so-called "system of significance".
Let us first describe this system briefly, in its most basic form.
The system of significance represents several levels of information functionality, when the perceived information (signals, data) first acquire a certain significance in a given context, and then are interpreted into an arbitrarily assigned meaning. Thus, the system of significance covers the area from the pre-conscious and conscious models.
In the most concise description of representation, it looks like this.
In addition to the recognizers of the perceptual organs (vision, hearing, taste, smell, tactile, vestibular), the brain has recognizers for the deviation of homeostasis parameters from the norm and recognizers for the restoration of these parameters (see fornit.ru/324), which we will call recognizers of significance primitives. These are the most important signaling devices that something is bad or good. There are zones, the stimulation of which causes a feeling of heaven and hell. Like all other types of sensory, they are combined in tertiary (associative) zones into a common image of perception-significance-action so that each image becomes a recognizer of what exactly this perception profile means in the current context and for the individual.
With awareness, this direct image is comprehended and significance acquires the function of meaning, which means the object of perception highlighted by attention under the given conditions, which has predictive properties: either it threatens to get into a dangerous situation and this should be avoided, or, conversely, this should be strived for . Meaning differs from primary significance by its arbitrariness: it becomes consciously possible to change it to one that seems more appropriate. So, we can grab a baked potato from hot coals, despite the discomfort. This is because consciousness is able to arbitrarily track the forecast of not only what is happening immediately, but also what may happen after some time and choose the most desirable of them: pull out a potato, despite some pain. And then the significance of the image of potatoes in the ashes will not be the danger of burns, but the opportunity to eat them. And this significance is already fixed in another place of the brain, forming a zone of arbitrary giving meaning to a. This is already a personal interpretation or an arbitrary assessment of the meaning of what is happening, which on the whole forms a mental model of the phenomenon.

The most general reasoning in awareness clarification assumes that there is an object that encodes information, giving it the form of what it wants to convey to other objects so that it can be decoded by the object receiving the information. In this case, a state of "information" should come. It is in this state that the process under consideration will differ from just any other causal relationship.

If we have specifically stipulated that the transmitter of information encodes a very specific meaning of the information transmitted in a certain carrier, and this carrier can carry a variety of information at the request of the encoding person, then this already characterizes the process not as a causal relationship, which always rigidly assumes its own specificity, in contrast to from the same specifics of the data carrier.

Therefore, let us define what is the state of awareness, directly related to knowledge.

First of all, awareness implies the ability to perceive information, decoding information, and understand it in such a way as to correspond as closely as possible to the meaning of y formalized by the transmitter.

Secondly, awareness implies some kind of use. But not just a mechanical use of the information received, namely information - the meaning, meaning and meaning of this information. Otherwise, we again return to a simple causal relationship. This already delimits what algorithmic devices do with the transmitted information (data).

In addition, there is one very important and poorly understood point by many. At the very first stage of information carrier formalization, the transmitter performs an operation of symbolic correspondence of its information and information, which are designed to evoke acceptable adequate information in the receiver upon perception. This assumes that the system of this symbolic representation of information with the help of some formal elements - information is already known to the receiver and transmitter to a sufficient extent, i.e. they agreed in advance and worked out in practice such an understanding of the information. Mere agreement is not enough, because only an experimental verification of the transmission and reception of information shows how satisfactorily this happens. Verification may be implicit, and include the previously accumulated practical experience of communication, but it ALWAYS precedes a reliably adequate result of information communication.

The same information can be understood in completely different ways. For example, a set of hieroglyphic pictures is passed as information. By themselves, the pictures will cause some association in someone who does not know what they are actually meant to mean. And only those who know will understand the meaning of the transmitted information. The same is true for words, sounds, codes, and any other way of conveying information. A set of words, even if the receiver knows the meanings of individual words and the phrase has caused him some association, will understand it differently than the one with whom it has already been agreed what exactly this phrase should mean under the given conditions.

In any case, we come to the conclusion that awareness implies the emergence of personal knowledge about the meaning of e, the meaning of this information. And the knowledge and meaning of the perceived are always personal, individually unique, and only in a relatively small part represent the goal of obtaining this knowledge conditioned between the transmitter and the receiver.

Here we will not substantiate this statement in detail, because there are extensive materials on the mechanisms of mental phenomena that show this (see., ). In order not to believe, but to understand the proposed statement, you need to go a long way on the proposed materials, although many can intuitively evaluate the correctness of this approach from the text already given.

It is important that knowledge is a purely personal, individual assessment of the perceived information, and does not exist outside the individual.

So, awareness leads to the emergence of knowledge of what the perceived information means for a given person. It is this knowledge that is information. This is no other knowledge or, moreover, information that can be understood differently by different individuals.

Information - knowledge of what perceived information means for a given person. The same information for one subject can carry a happy content and motivate the achievement of some goals related to the possibilities opened up by this knowledge, for another it will turn out to be unhappy and force either to avoid something or simply put up with it. Information can be strikingly different, despite the same content of information. This information was not transmitted, but arose in the psyche of the individual when evaluating the information with his system of significance, but this is already from the materials on the proposed links.

The concept of information

Remark 1

The word "information" comes from the Latin verb informare, which means "to shape, shape, teach" and also "to think, imagine". In general, information is any information, regardless of the form of its presentation.

The definition of information depends on the context in which the concept is used:

• in the everyday sense, this is any interesting information;
• in technology - messages transmitted according to certain rules in the form of signs or signals, when there is a source and receiver of messages, as well as a communication channel;
• in cybernetics, information is a piece of knowledge that is used to navigate the environment for management in order to preserve and develop the system;
• in relation to computer calculations, information is a sequence of codes that carries a semantic load and is presented in a format suitable for electronic machines.

Information is universal and can be transferred between heterogeneous objects: people and animals, biological objects and technical machines. Mankind has even made attempts to transfer information to alien civilizations.

Figure 1. A golden disk containing information about the planet Earth and its inhabitants, sent by scientists aboard the Voyager spacecraft in case of an encounter with an alien intelligence. Author24 - online exchange of student papers

Types and properties of information

Information can exist in the form of: text, drawings, photographs, drawings, light or sound signals, electrical and nerve impulses, magnetic recordings, gestures and facial expressions, smells and taste sensations, DNA sequences, etc.

A person perceives information through the senses:

• visual (images, colors);
• sound (speech, music, signals, noise);
• olfactory (smells);
• taste;
• tactile or tactile (touch, cold, heat, etc.).

Figure 2. Proportions between the types of information received by a person from the senses. Author24 - online exchange of student papers

Information has properties such as:

1. relevance (matching needs);
2. completeness;
3. timeliness;
4. authenticity;
5. availability;
6. security;
7. ergonomics (convenience of the feed form).

Information processes

Actions performed with information are called information processes. These include the receipt of information, its storage, transmission, processing, use.

Receiving the information. Biological objects (plants, animals, viruses, etc.) and technical automata receive information about the surrounding world in order to make decisions that contribute to the continuation of their existence. This does not mean only signals from the outside world. They can receive information from their own memory, as well as from artificially created sources. It connects the processes of obtaining, storing and transmitting information.

Data storage. Information can be reused and also have a "delayed value", i.e. the ability to be consumed not at the time of receipt, but with a delay in time (for example, a pre-prepared holiday greeting). So great importance has the ability to store information. The devices by which information is stored deteriorate over time. This applies to both wildlife and man-made systems. For example, the brain that stores memories is prone to diseases, DNA can be destroyed under the influence of adverse radiation, paper books can get wet or burn, computer hard drives can become demagnetized, etc. Therefore, both nature and people take care of creating reliable media, as well as duplicates and mechanisms for recovering stored information.

Transfer of information. Various physical media are used for this process: air vibrations during sound transmission; for the transmission of light and radio signals - electromagnetic waves, etc. When transmitting information between technical devices, encoding and decoding is necessary to send and receive messages in accordance with predetermined principles (protocols). In this case, information may be lost or distorted, therefore, mechanisms are provided to make sure that the message has arrived in the form in which it was sent.

Data processing The process of obtaining new information from existing information. In computing devices, it is produced according to strict formal rules - algorithms. The executor of the algorithm (a device or a biological object) receives information at its input, transforms it and outputs it.

Use of Information. For purposeful activity, objects of wildlife and automata created by man, guided by the information at their disposal, affect the environment. This, in turn, generates new information due to the reaction of the environment. The response of the environment can be both favorable and unfavorable. Depending on this, the object collects and processes information about changes in environment, adjusts its activities and makes new decisions. This adjustment is called feedback and is one of the fundamental concepts of computer science.

Figure 3. An example of an information process with feedback. Author24 - online exchange of student papers

Information processes.

Storage, processing and transmission of information

The relationship between the processes of storing, processing and transmitting information, types of information carriers, methods of processing information, types of sources and receivers of information, communication channels, their types and methods of noise protection, unit of information transfer rate, communication channel bandwidth

The processes of storage, processing and transmission of information are the main information processes. In various combinations, they are present in obtaining, searching, protecting, encoding and other information processes. Consider the storage, processing and transmission of information on the example of the student's actions that he performs with information when solving a problem.

Let's describe information activities a schoolchild on solving a problem in the form of a sequence of information processes. Problem condition (information) stored in the textbook. It happens through the eyes broadcast information from the textbook into the student's own memory, in which the information stored. In the process of solving a problem, the student's brain performs processing information. Result stored in the memory of the student. Broadcast the result - new information - occurs with the help of the student's hand by writing in a notebook. The result of solving the problem stored in a student's notebook.

Thus (Fig. 9), it is possible to distinguish the processes of information storage (in human memory, on paper, disk, audio or video cassette, etc.), information transfer (using the sense organs, speech and human motor system) and processing information (in human brain cells).

Information processes are interconnected. For example, the processing and transmission of information is impossible without its storage, and in order to store the processed information, it must be transmitted. Let's consider each information process in more detail.

Rice. 9. Relationship of information processes

Data storage is an information process, during which information remains unchanged in time and space.

Storage of information cannot be carried out without a physical medium.

Information carrier -the physical medium that directly stores the information.

information carrier, or information carrier, may be:

■ material object (stone, board, paper, magnetic and optical discs);

■ matter in different states (liquid, gas, solid);

■ wave of different nature (acoustic, electromagnetic, gravitational).

In the example of a schoolchild, such information carriers as textbook and notebook paper (material object), human biological memory (substance) were considered. When a student received visual information, the information carrier was the light (wave) reflected from the paper.

There are two types of information media: internal and external. Internal media (for example, human biological memory) are fast and efficient in reproducing maintaining stored information. External media (for example, paper, magnetic and optical disks) are more reliable and can store large amounts of information. They are used for long-term storage of information.

Information on external media must be stored in such a way that it can be found and, if possible, quickly enough. To do this, the information is sorted alphabetically, by time of receipt and other parameters. External media, assembled together and designed for long-term storage of ordered information, are storage of information. Information storages include various libraries, archives, including electronic ones. The amount of information that can be placed on an information carrier determines information capacity carrier. Like the amount of information in a message, the information capacity of a medium is measured in bits.

Data processing is an information process during which information changes in content or form.

The processing of information is carried out by the performer according to certain rules. The performer can be a person, a team * an animal, a machine.

The processed information is stored in the internal memory of the performer. As a result of information processing by the executor, meaningful new information or information presented in a different form is obtained from the original information (Fig. 10).

Rice. 10. Information processing

Let's return to the considered example about the schoolboy who solved the problem. The student who was performer, got background information in the form of a task condition, processed information in accordance with certain rules(for example, the rules for solving mathematical problems) and received new information in the form of the desired result. In the process of processing, the information was stored in the student's memory, which is internal memory person.

Information processing can be carried out by:

■ mathematical calculations, logical reasoning (for example, problem solving);

■ correcting or adding information (for example, correcting spelling errors);

■ changes in the form of presentation of information (for example, replacing text with a graphic image);

■ information coding (for example, translation of text from one language to another);

■ ordering, structuring information (for example, sorting names alphabetically).

The type of information processed may be different, and the processing rules may be different. Automate the processing process is possible only when the information is presented in a special way, and the processing rules are clearly defined.

Transfer of information is an information process during which information is transferred from one information carrier to another.

The process of information transfer, as well as its storage and processing, is also impossible without an information carrier. In the example of a student, at the moment when he reads the condition of the problem, information is transferred from paper (from an external information carrier) to the student's biological memory (to an internal information carrier). Moreover, the process of information transmission occurs with the help of light reflected from the paper - a wave, which is the carrier of information.

The transfer of information takes place between source of information, which transmits it, and receiver of information who accepts it. For example, a book is a source of information for a person reading it, and a person reading a book is a receiver of information. The transfer of information from the source to the receiver is carried out by communication channel(Fig. 11). The communication channel can be air, water, metal and fiber optic wires.

Rice. 11. Transfer of information

Between the source and receiver of information may existFeedback. In response to the received information, the receiver can send information to the source. If the source is also the receiver of information,and the receiver is the source, then this process of information transfer is called exchange information.

As an example, consider the oral response of a student to a teacher in a lesson. In this case, you are the source of information! student, and the receiver of information is the teacher. The source and receiver of information have information carriers - biological memory. In the process of the student's response to the teacher, information is transferred from the student's memory to the teacher's memory. The communication channel between the student and the teacher is air, and the process of information transfer is carried out using an information carrier - an acoustic wave. If the teacher only listens, but also corrects the student's answer, and the student takes into account the teacher's comments, then there is an exchange of information between the teacher and the student.

Information is transmitted over a communication channel at a certain rate, which is measured by the amount of information transmitted per unit of time (bit/s). The actual transmission rate* of information cannot be greater than the maximum possible* transmission rate of information over this channel connection called throughput communication channel and depends on its physical properties.

Information transfer rate- the amount of information transmitted per unit of time.

Communication channel bandwidth- the maximum possible speed of information transfer over a given communication channel.

Information is transmitted over a communication channel using signals. A signal is a physical process that corresponds to an event and serves to transmit a message about this event over a communication channel. Examples of signals are the waving of flags, the flashing of lamps, the launching of flares, phone calls. The signal can be transmitted using waves. For example, a radio signal is transmitted by an electromagnetic wave, while a sound signal is transmitted by an acoustic wave. The transformation of a message into a signal that can be transmitted over a communication channel from the source to the receiver of information occurs through coding. The transformation of a signal into a message that will be understandable to the receiver of information is performed using decoding (Fig. 12).

Rice. 12. Signaling

Encoding and decoding can be carried out by both a living being (for example, a person, an animal) and technical equipment. physical device (e.g. computer, electronic translator).

In the process of transmitting information, distortion or loss of information is possible under the influence of interference, which are called noise. Noise arises due to the poor quality of communication channels or their insecurity. Exists different ways noise protection, such as technical protection of communication channels or multiple transmission of information.

For example, due to street noise coming from open window, the student may not hear part of the sound information transmitted by the teacher. In order for the student to hear the teacher's explanation without distortion, you can close the window in advance or ask the teacher to repeat what was said.

The signal may be continuous or discrete. continuous signal smoothly changes its parameters in time. An example of a continuous signal is changes in atmospheric pressure, air temperature, the height of the Sun above the horizon. discrete signal jumps its parameters and takes a finite number of values ​​at a finite number of time points. Signals presented as individual characters are discrete. For example, Morse code signals, signals used to transmit textual and numerical information, are discrete signals. Since each individual value of a discrete signal can be assigned a certain number, discrete signals are sometimes called digital.

Signals of one kind can be converted to signals of another kind. For example, the graph of a function (continuous sig nal) can be represented as a table of individual values ​​(discrete signal). And vice versa, knowing the values ​​of the function for different values ​​of the arguments, you can plot the function point by point. Sounding music, which is transmitted by a continuous signal, can be represented as a discrete musical notation. Conversely, discrete notes can be used to play a continuous piece of music. In many cases, the conversion of one type of signal to another can lead to the loss of part of the information.

Exists technical devices that work with continuous signals (for example, a mercury thermometer, microphone, tape recorder), and technical devices that work with discrete signals (for example, a CD player, digital camera, cellular telephone). The computer can work with both continuous and discrete signals.