Meaning the hydroacoustic station in the Big Soviet Encyclopedia, BSE. Radio engineering and navigation equipment hydroacoustic station MG 7

The base station is immersed in darkness. Neither in the station building, nor in the premium houses - no light. I, naive, studied the map, thought, I will go out in the station street on Gagarin Avenue, and there I will reach the center, I will catch a taxi if that. Yes, right now. In this complete darkness is much

To combat submarines of the US opponent, together with the Allies on NATO and Japan, created a deeply echelonized system of anti-submarine observation in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It includes a variety of forces and means, including stationary, ship and aviation hydroacoustic. All of them are intended to detect the enemy submarines and issue a target designation. Their action is based on the use of the main demassing feature of the noise of screws and mechanisms.

Screw noise are observed in a rather wide range, and mechanisms are in very narrow, as separate discrete frequencies. Spectral analysis of noise allows not only to locate the underwater target and elements of its movement, but also quite accurately identify it and identify state affiliation. With an increase in the speed of the boat, the intensity of the components of its noise in the entire frequency range increases. However, the maximum radiation falls on the low-frequency region: the greatest intensity of the level of radiation underwater objectives and the minimum of losses during their distribution. Analysis of the ratio of these parameters gave impetus to the beginning of the development of hydroacoustic stations operating in a low-frequency range (10-300 Hz).

The adoption of the Navy of many countries of the world of modern highly efficient anti-submarine weapons managed by combat information systems based on the latest computing technology, led to the fact that the hydroacoustic means of the plot should work in passive mode. In addition, passive stations can detect a target for a distance exceeding the use of weapons using it. Thus, an urgent need to increase the accuracy of noiselessness of passive GAS, sufficient to generate data for shooting, as well as solving the problem of listening to feed course angles of the surface ship or submarine in the field of hydroacoustic shadow. Implementing these requirements has become possible due to use in low-frequency GAS hydroacoustic complexes with towed antennas.

The detection range of submarines depends on the following characteristics of passive GAS: an antenna direction indicator (spatial selectivity depends on it); Own interference level; Detection threshold (recognition differential), defined for a given probability of detection of the target and recognition of false alarms.

The direction of the antenna is influenced by the characteristics of hydrophones, their number and mutual location. Therefore, high-frequency receiving antennas are used, flexible extended towed antennas (GPBA). Constructive GPBA represents a system consisting of interconnected acoustic modules containing hydrophones and electronic signal pre-processing circuits (Fig. 2). The sensitivity of hydrophones is largely determined by the material from which they are made. Modern systems use piezoelectric ceramics and piezopolymers. At both ends of the antenna hydrophone section, there are special modules that absorb vibration, which allows to significantly increase the speed of towing without reducing the quality of work.

Each hydrophone is connected to a cable cable, according to which the signals through the pre-processing schemes are transmitted aboard the ship, where the final processing is undergoing in the onboard equipment or are transmitted to the coastal processing of information.

A graphically characteristic of the directionality of the GPB can be represented as a body having a volumetric ring form with additional cones attached to it, formed by side petals of the orientation characteristics. The three-dimensional characteristic of the radiation of a round flat antenna has a simpler form - the spotlight beam, which has a symmetry of rotation relative to the normal to the plane and surrounded by side petals (Fig. 3),

Comparing graphic and analytical expressions of the GAPA or flat antenna, it can be concluded that with increasing length in the extended antennas, the indicator of the directional characteristics compared to flat antennas is significantly improved, since the characteristics of the latter are more limited to their dimensions. The spatial orientation of the correction characteristic of the extended antenna can be controlled either by a mechanical turn of it, or by switching on sequentially or in parallel with each element of the acoustic antenna of the corresponding phasing chains, providing a turn of the axis of the maximum sensitivity in the specified direction. Since the 80s, the method of digital formation of the orientation diagram has become effectively introduced into the GAS.

In the discovery of submarines, the GPBA has become of particular importance, since the use of antennas with a length of hundreds of meters made it possible to shift their working range into the area of \u200b\u200blow sound and infrasound frequencies, besides, the space of the antenna and carrier vehicle through the use of long tugs reduces the impact of their own Ship noise on the performance of GAS.

The lack of capabilities can be attributed to the lack of opportunity to directly measure the range to the target (for this resort to the triangulation method). The position of the antenna in space relative to the ship's hull is constantly changing. It can deviate from the diametral plane of the ship due to the length of the flexible cable cable, arbitrarily change the blowout due to the uneven stroke of the carrier and the density of water, vibrate due to local perturbations of the aqueous medium, rotate around their own axis due to twisting the towing cable (Fig. 4) . This affects the precision direction finding.

The creation of the first models of systems with GPB began in the United States in 1963, and in 1966 sea tests of the TASS system (Towed Array Sonar System) were conducted with an antenna length about 100 m and a diameter of 7.5 cm. Test data obtained by 1967 The results of scientific developments made it possible to start working on creating samples with submarines (Stass program - Submarine Towed Array Sonar System) and for surface ships (TACTASS - TACTICAL TOWED ARRAY SONAR SYSTEM).

To ensure efficient work in passive mode, within the Stass program, the extended towed TV-16 system has been developed. It is intended for an AN / BQQ-5 Gak, which in recent years remained the main in the US Navy to the means of hydroacoustic detection of submarines of the Los Angeles type and Ohio Planch. Constructively, the TV-16 antenna is a linear system with a diameter of 82.5 mm, consisting of hydrophones enclosed in a shell of polymeric material. In order to reduce the noise of streamlining and reduce the resistance of the antenna is pointed at both ends.

An / BQQ-6 GAK is mainly a modified version of AN / BQQ-5 GAK. The accommodation schemes of the antenna devices in the complexes are similar (spherical nasal, onboard, conformal nose and GPB). An / BQQ-6 GAK is also included with a noiseless infrastructure range. Initially, the TV-16 antenna was attached directly to the towing device of submarines. Subsequently, it was placed in the casing, which was fastened outside to the boat housing. Antenna is also equipped with a device for disconnecting it from PL in emergency cases. When towing GPB, the speed of the boat falls about 0.5 bonds. The length of the cable-tug is 800 m for AN / BQQ-5 and 720 m for AN / BQQ-6. The antenna is placed and removed using a hydraulic device, which can also adjust its length. The TV-16 antenna provides the operation of passive GAS in the frequency range from 10 Hz to several kilohertz and the discovery of underwater objectives in the range of 15-90 km.

Ways to further increase the efficiency of the GAS with the GPBU submarines, specialists are seen in the displacement of the working range to the ultra-low-frequency range of the spectrum (hertz units) to detect the PL in the tonal signals. The detection of such signals is assumed to be carried out using a thin linear towed antenna TV-23, the length of which in the future will be 2000 m. The installation of such antennas in the composition of the AN / BQQ-5D GAK is carried out during the planned repair of multi-purpose nuclear submarines of the US Navy. Antennas are placed in the tanks of the main ballast.

The use of HPBA with surface ships has a number of features. In particular, they have the best features for the formulation and sample of extended antennas, as well as less limited their weight, that is, the length of the antenna can be much more than that of the PL. However, they cannot quickly change the depth of the antenna towing. Mostly on the surface ships, TACTASS is calculated, providing for the development of GAS capable of ensuring the solution of tactical problems for a distance of several tens of kilometers and operating in the range of medium frequencies.

The main characteristics of the GAS created under Tactass program are shown in Table. one.

The first serial station, intended for surface ships of the US Navy, was AN / SQR-15. It made it possible to maintain the hydroacoustic observation of the enemy, but in general, possessed limited abilities. Currently, the station is still in armament of individual ships of the US Navy.

The tactical GAS AN / SQR-18 is designed to ensure the relief connections. It is perfect than AN / SQR-15, has a greater range. The formulation and sample of the extended GAS antenna are produced using a lifting-lowering device of the GAS AN / SQS-35 antenna, to the fairing of which it is attached through cable-cable. Preliminary amplifiers of hydroacoustic signals are also placed in the extension of the GAS AN / SQS-35 antenna, the processing and display equipment is on board the ship. The upgraded GAS AN / SQR-18A station contains an electronic device that eliminates the illumination indicator screen from its own noise, acoustic noise of the carrier ship and having a better maintenance system.

GAS AN / SQR-19 is designed to detect and classify submarines during the maintenance of convoys and performing tasks to provide aircraft carriers. The station registers the temperature, the electrical conductivity of sea water, depending on the hydrology of the sea, determines the depth of the antenna immersion, optimal for listening. In the operating mode, the antenna is towed behind the ship below the jump layer to reduce the vehicle-towing vehicle.

According to Western specialists estimates, the station provides 10 times a large detection range and 2 times the best precision of detection than AN / SQR-18, and the likelihood of targeting targets is 2 times higher. The number of PL, detected by GAS AN / SQR-19 in various parts of the ocean at different times of the year, is on average 11 times higher than the number of boats detected using GAS AN / SQR-18A. The detection range of PLs using AN / SQR-19 when in the convergence zone reaches 65 km, in favorable hydroacoustic conditions and at the optimal towing speeds - 100 km, when attracting the LAMPS Helicopter System - 125 km.

The tasks of long-range discovery of the enemy submarines can be solved using the hydroacoustic stations developed under the SURVEILLANCE TOWED Array Sonar System. The implementation of this program began in 1974. It was assumed to create a high-detection GAS capable of determining the location of the PL, which are in the second and third zones of convergence. Work on a prototype continued almost eight years.

The new GAS AN / UQQ-2 (SURTASS) was intended for "Stalitt's long-range hydroacoustic observation vessels", they use a lengthy towed antenna with a length of 1220 m, which can be produced for feeding on the 1830th cable for coating a depth range 150-450 m, currently The time as part of the US maritime transport command number ten vessels of the Stalitort type (full displacement of 2262 tons, length 68.3 m, width 13.1 m, sediment 4.5 m, maximum speed 11 UZ, navigation range 4000 miles, crew 30 -33 person, of them, nine officers). Three of them are used to combat drug smuggling, one participates in the implementation of scientific research in the field of hydroacoustics, one is in repair, five are occupied by patrolling in the low efficiency zones of the SOSUS system in order to increase the likelihood of detection of PL or clarify their coordinates with a triangulation method (four on the Atlantic , VBM Little Creek, and one on the Pacific, VBM Pearl Harbor). Patroling is usually performed for 30-60 days at a speed of 3 tons, and the vessel may pass 6450 miles.

In addition, six more vessels of this type are engaged in programs of various departments, if necessary, all 16 courts can be directed to patrol.

In 1986, the development of a new catamaran vessel type "Victoris" began. Its complete displacement is 3396 tons, length is 71.5 m. The width is 28.5 m, the precipitate is 7.6 m, the maximum speed 16 (3 bonds during patrolling), the crew of 32 people. It has the best naval qualities when patrolling on the open sea with a small move than Stalitort type courts. Currently, four catamarans like "Victoris".

TACAN / UQQ-1 (SURTASS) provides noise signals in a lower frequency area of \u200b\u200bthe acoustic spectrum than the remaining GAS from the GAP. According to foreign sources, it is able to detect PL on the distances of over 150 km, and in some cases it is about 550 km. The range of classification is 140 km. The accuracy of the GAS delay to greater extent depends on the electronic method being generated by the electronic method and in less - from changing the antenna position. The precision direction finding is 2-5 °.

Work continues to reduce the effect of carrier noise on the GAS system of the Surtass system, at present the stations began to be equipped with special filters removing the emergence of the vehicle from the display.

A serious disadvantage of the Mobile SURTASS submarine long-range detection system is a vulnerability. It is believed that in the event of a conflict, the enemy will first of all strive to destroy the ships of the hydroacoustic observation to ensure the safety of its PL. Therefore, the Surtass system is proposed to use the SURTASS system as a carrier, which will lead to a significant reduction in system vulnerability and will ensure monitoring of the peaceful time.

The organization of the processing of information received by the SURTASS GAS system provides primary processing on board the vessel and subsequent detailed analysis in one of the two coastal information processing centers (Norfolk, Pearl-Harbor), where it is transmitted along the satellite communication line. If necessary, information is broadcast directly to the ships of the Poin, located in the observation area. The coastal centers produced final data processing, which includes the correlation of information coming from various hydroacoustic observation vessels. In modern low-frequency hydroacoustic complexes, the analog signals from hydrophones are converted into digital using an adaptive method based on the theory of optimal filtration, which ensures high flexibility of the operation of systems and a low level of false response in interference conditions. The computing apparatus used for this has pre-entered redundancy and is self-adjusting.

The hydroacoustic information received by the GAS AN / SQR-19 is processed by the AN / UYS-2 processor in the structure of an automated control system of AN / SQQ-89 anti-herine gun, in which the GAS with the GPB is compatible with the active integrated GAS AN / SQS-53. The processor performs the formation of an antenna pattern, broadband processing for initial detection and analysis of the relative movement of the target, the correlation of incoming hydroacoustic signals, as well as the data of the LAMPS Helicopter System.

In 1995, the automated An / SQO-89 systems entered about 130 surface ships. Currently, this system is undergoing modernization associated with improving mathematical support and improvement of equipment. In addition, a new combat system is being developed for the protection of aircraft carriers with improved characteristics.

Special attention is paid to the creation of a processor for the complex processing of hydroacoustic signals. In the boat complexes, the signals are treated with the numerous OMM of AN / UYK-43 compartments and an AN / BSY-1 complex. It is envisaged to combine data obtained using active and passive GAS. Software system of 4.5 million rows is located in 100 universal and 50 specialized processors. In total, the computing equipment of the AN / BSY-1 complex takes 117 racks, its mass is 32 tons. The basic operation of digital signal processing tools in GPB systems is the rapid Fourier transformation.

According to experts, it is possible to significantly improve the possibilities of hydroacoustic weapons through the wide introduction of intelligent information processing algorithms, the use of the latest technologies in the field of computing technology, improving the structure of means of detecting, improving the energy indicators of the human - computer interface and improving the quality of operator training. The reduction in the probability of passing goals is supposed to achieve due to the transfer of part of the operator functions of intelligent algorithms, in particular four types:

- Algorithm for increasing efficiency of operation of the GAS. It contributes to facilitating the perception of information by the operator when creating and classifying goals. So, in GAS, working at relatively high frequencies, the Doppler shift due to the mutual movement of the goal and the carrier of the GAS between the echo signal frequency and the central frequency of reverberation interference was 50 Hz and more, that is, there was a difference for hearing. Reducing workers hour-Goth GAS with GPB led to the fact that the Doppler shift was within 50 Hz and became indistinguishable for the operator. The DEP processor (Doppier Enhancement Processor), which implements an algorithm for increasing the efficiency of GAS, eliminates this disadvantage. It adaptively suppresses the reverb, enhances the echo signal and shifts it relative to the interference by the value that ensures the value of the Doppler shift not exceeding the threshold of the operator's sensitivity. This is significantly reduced by the likelihood of false alarm.

- Algorithm for automatic selection of mode of operation and determining the processing channel. It provides an instantal assessment of the "field of noise", surrounding conditions and other characteristics that contribute to the optimal choice of detection and modes of operation. The operator is notified of environmental changes and tactical settings.

- Algorithm of the duty regime. With it, the channel is released, in which the signal is detected, and the signal warning operator is generated.

- Algorithm of adaptive processing. Consolidates the work of the processor with the parameters of the detected signal.

With the development of new detection tools with the GAP, intelligent algorithms will provide significant assistance in solving the tasks of PO.

The composition of the standard tools used to handle information in systems with GPBA and their performance is shown in Table. 2.

The problem of providing higher accuracy of depleting targets and improving work under conditions of strong local interference is not solved. With an increase in the distance to the target, the target detection error is increasing. For example, with the accuracy of the deplementation of 1 ° at a distance of 50 km the length of the area of \u200b\u200bpossible location is 1 km. Therefore, the highest effect gives the use of antennas in combination with deck anti-rates helicopters and other surface vehicles to clarify the contact and the use of weapons.

The decline in the noise of the SL puts the problems in the field of new developments and the modernization of existing GAS, the solution of which will be carried out mainly due to the further decline in the working range of passive and active GAS, the development of active GAS technology of the low-frequency range and new stations based on fiber optic.

One of the promising areas of development of funds from the GAP is considered to create active-passive low-frequency systems. Structurally, they consist of a large-sized radiating and passive towed antennas. According to foreign sources, such systems will have significant advantages when detecting and maintaining goals compared to existing (for example, AN / SQR-19), since the emitted signal may contain distinctive signs in frequency, modulation type, strip width, level. To this, it is necessary to add that at low frequencies of loss when the signal spreads in the aquatic environment is the smallest. Since the discrete components of the noise spectrum are mainly in the low-frequency region, then sound-absorbing coatings cease to be effective.

Hydroacoustic station - A means of sound detection of underwater objects with acoustic radiation.

According to the principle of action, hydrocators are:
Passive - allowing to determine the position of the underwater object by sound signals emitted by the object itself.
Active - Use the signal reflected or scattered or scattered with a submarine object, radiated in its direction by a hydrolater.

Simplified block diagram of the hydroacoustic station: a - noise-controller (1 - fixed acoustic system, 2 - compensator, 3 - amplifier, 4 - indicator device); b - hydroletor (1 - movable speaker system, 2 - fairing, 3 - rotary device, 4 - receiving switch, 5 - generator, 6 - amplifier, 7 - indicator device)

The acoustic system of the hydroacoustic station is composed of many electro-acoustic transducers (hydrophones - in the receiving G., vibrators - at the receiving emitting G. with.) To create the necessary characteristics of the direction of reception and radiation. The converters are placed (depending on the type and purpose of G.) Under the bottom of the ship on a rotary-retractable device or in a stationary detergent, permeable for acoustic oscillations, are embedded in the external trimming of the ship, they are mounted in a towed ship or descended from the helicopter. Support construction at the bottom of the sea. The compensator contributes to variable currents flowing in electrical circuits of hydrophones separated from each other, phase shift, equivalent difference of the arrival time of acoustic oscillations to these hydrophones. The numerical values \u200b\u200bof these shifts show the angle between the axis of the characteristics of the stationary acoustic system and the direction to the object. After amplification, the electrical signals are fed to the indicator device (telephone or electronolic tube) to fix the direction to the noisy object. Generator active G. with. Creates short-term electrical pulse signals, which are then emitted by vibrators in the form of acoustic oscillations.
In pauses between them, the signals reflected from objects are taken by the same vibrators that are attached to the "Reception" switch to the electric oscillation amplifier. The distance to objects is determined on the indicator device by retreating the reflected signal relative to the direct (emitted).

G., Depending on their type and appointment, they work at the frequencies of infrasound, sound and (more often) ultrasound (from dozens of Hz to hundreds of kHz), power emit power from tens of W (with continuous generation) to hundreds of kW (in momentum ), have the accuracy of diapering from units to the fraction of degree, depending on the direction finding (maximum, phase, amplitude-phase), sharpness of the directional characteristics, due to the frequency and dimensions of the speakers, and the indication method. The range of validity of G. with. It lies from hundreds of meters to dozens and more and more and mostly depends on the parameters of the station reflecting the properties of the object (the force of the target) or the level of its noise radiation, as well as the physical phenomena of the propagation of sound oscillations in water (refraction and reverberation) and on the level Interference with the work of the city, created when moving their ship.

G. S. Install on submarines, military surface ships (Fig. 2), helicopters, on coastal objects to solve anti-submarine defense problems, searching for the enemy, feeding submarines with each other and with surface ships, data generation for launching rocket and torpedo, security Swimming and others. On transport, commercial and research courts. Apply for navigation needs, search for fish clusters, oceanographic and hydrological works, connection with divers, etc. goals.