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What is included in information systems. The structure and composition of the information system. What can be expected from the implementation of information systems

Information system concept

Under system they understand any object that is simultaneously considered both as a single whole and as a set of dissimilar elements combined in the interests of achieving the set goals. The systems differ significantly from each other both in composition and in terms of their main goals.

In computer science, the concept of "system" is widespread and has many semantic meanings. Most often it is used in relation to a set of hardware and software. The hardware part of a computer can be called a system. A system can also be considered a variety of programs for solving specific applied problems, supplemented by procedures for maintaining documentation and managing calculations.

Adding the word “informational” to the concept of “system” reflects the purpose of its creation and functioning. Information systems provide collection, storage, processing, search, and delivery of information necessary in the process of making decisions on problems from any field. They help analyze problems and create new products.

Information system- an interconnected set of tools, methods and personnel used to store, process and issue information in order to achieve the set goal.

The modern understanding of the information system involves the use of a personal computer as the main technical means of processing information. In large organizations, along with a personal computer, the technical base of an information system may include a mainframe or a supercomputer. In addition, the technical implementation of the information system in itself will mean nothing if the role of the person for whom the information is intended is not taken into account and without whom it is impossible to receive and present it.

Attention! By organization we mean a community of people united by common goals and using common material and financial resources for the production of material and information products and services. In the text, two words will be used on an equal footing: "organization" and "firm".

It is necessary to understand the difference between computers and information systems. Computers equipped with specialized software are the technical base and tool for information systems. An information system is inconceivable without personnel interacting with computers and telecommunications.

Stages of development of information systems

The history of the development of information systems and the purposes of their use at different periods are presented in the table below.

Time period	Information use concept	Type of information systems	Purpose of use
1950 - 1960	Paper flow of settlement documents	Information systems for processing settlement documents on electromechanical accounting machines	Increasing the speed of document processing Simplified invoice processing and payroll processing
1960 - 1970	Essential help in preparing reports	Management information systems for production information	Speeding up the reporting process
1970 - 1980	Management control of implementation (sales)	Decision support systems Systems for senior management	Sampling the most rational solution
1980 - 2000	Information is a strategic resource that provides a competitive advantage	Strategic information systems Automated offices	Survival and prosperity of the firm

The first information systems appeared in the 50s. During these years, they were designed for processing invoices and calculating salaries, and were implemented on electromechanical accounting machines. This led to some reduction in costs and time for preparing paper documents.

60s are marked by a change in attitudes towards information systems. The information obtained from them began to be used for periodic reporting in many ways. On that day, organizations needed general-purpose computer equipment capable of serving a variety of functions, not just processing invoices and calculating salaries, as was the case in the past.

In the 70s - early 80s. information systems are beginning to be widely used as a means of management control that supports and accelerates the decision-making process.

By the end of the 80s. the concept of using information systems is changing again. They become a strategic source of information and are used at all levels of an organization of any profile. Information systems of this period, providing the necessary information on time, help the organization to achieve success in its activities, create new products and services, find new sales markets, provide worthy partners for itself, organize the release of products at a low price, and much more.

Processes in the information system

The processes that ensure the operation of an information system of any purpose can be conventionally represented as a diagram consisting of blocks:

input of information from external or internal sources;

processing input information and presenting it in a convenient form;

output of information for presentation to consumers or transfer to another system;

feedback is information processed by the people of a given organization to correct the input information.

An information system is determined by the following properties:

any information system can be analyzed, built and managed on the basis of general principles of building systems;

the information system is dynamic and evolving;

when building an information system, it is necessary to use a systematic approach;

the output of an information system is information on the basis of which decisions are made;

the information system should be perceived as a human-computer information processing system.

Currently, there is an opinion about the information system as a system implemented with the help of computer technology. Although, in the general case, an information system can also be understood in a non-computer version.

To understand the work of an information system, it is necessary to understand the essence of the problems that it solves, as well as the organizational processes in which it is included. So, for example, when determining the ability of a computer information system to support decision-making, one should take into account

structured management tasks to be solved;

the level of the firm's management hierarchy at which a decision must be made;

the belonging of the problem being solved to one or another functional area of the business;

type of information technology used.

The technology of work in a computer information system is available for understanding by a specialist in the non-computer field and can be successfully used to control and manage the processes of professional activity.

What can be expected from the implementation of information systems

the introduction of information systems can contribute to:

obtaining more rational options for solving management problems through the introduction of mathematical methods and intelligent systems, etc.;

freeing workers from routine work due to its automation;

ensuring the reliability of information;

replacing paper data carriers with magnetic disks or tapes, which leads to a more rational organization of information processing on a computer and a decrease in the volume of documents on paper;

improving the structure of information flows and the workflow system in the company;

reducing the cost of producing products and services;

providing consumers with unique services;

finding new market niches;

binding buyers and suppliers to the firm by providing them with various discounts and services.

The role of the governance structure in the information system

General Provisions

The creation and use of an information system for any organization is aimed at solving the following tasks.

1. The structure of the information system, its functional purpose must correspond to the goals of the organization. For example, in a commercial firm, an efficient business; in a state enterprise - solving social and economic problems.

2. The information system must be controlled by people, understood and used in accordance with basic social and ethical principles.

3. Production of reliable, reliable, timely and systematic information.

Building an information system is like building a house. Bricks, nails, cement and other materials put together do not make a home. We need a project, land management, construction, etc. for a house to appear.

Similarly, to create and use an information system, you must first understand the structure, functions and policies of the organization, the goals of management and decisions made, the capabilities of computer technology. An information system is part of an organization, and the key elements of any organization are structure and management bodies, standard procedures, personnel, subculture.

Building an information system should begin with an analysis of the organization's governance structure.

Organization management structure

Coordination of the work of all divisions of the organization is carried out through management bodies of different levels. Under management understand the provision of the set goal, subject to the implementation of the following functions: organizational, planning, accounting, analysis, control, incentives.

Consider the content management functions:

Organizational function consists in the development of an organizational structure and a set of regulatory documents: the staffing table of a company, department, laboratory, group, etc. indicating subordination, responsibility, scope of competence, rights, duties, etc. Most often this is set out in the position of the department, laboratory or job descriptions.

Planning (planning function) consists in the development and implementation of plans for the implementation of the assigned tasks. For example, a business plan for the whole firm, a production plan, a marketing research plan, a financial plan, a research plan, etc. for various periods (year, quarter, month, day).

Accounting function consists in the development or use of ready-made forms and methods of accounting for the performance of the company: accounting, financial accounting, management accounting, etc. In the general case, accounting can be defined as the receipt, registration, accumulation, processing and provision of information about real business processes.

Analysis or analytical function is associated with the study of the results of the fulfillment of plans and orders, the determination of influencing factors, the identification of reserves, the study of development trends, etc. The analysis is performed by different specialists depending on the complexity and level of the analyzed object or process. The analysis of the results of the company's economic activity for a year or more is carried out by specialists, and at the level of a shop, department - a manager of this level (chief or his deputy) together with a specialist-economist.

Control function most often carried out by a manager: control over the implementation of plans, the expenditure of material resources, the use of funds, etc.

Stimulation or the motivational function involves the development and application of various methods of stimulating the work of subordinate workers:

financial incentives - salary, bonuses, promotions, promotion, etc .;

psychological incentives - gratitude, diplomas, titles, degrees, honor rolls, etc.

In recent years, in the field of management, the concept of "decision making" and the systems, methods, and decision support systems associated with this concept have been increasingly used.

Decision-making- an act of purposeful impact on the object of management, based on the analysis of the situation, the definition of the goal, the development of a program to achieve this goal.

The management structure of any organization is traditionally divided into three levels: operational, functional and strategic.

Management levels(type of management activity) are determined by the complexity of the tasks being solved. The more difficult the task, the higher the level of management is required to solve it. At the same time, it should be understood that there are a much larger number of simpler tasks requiring immediate (prompt) solutions, which means that the level of management for them needs a different one - a lower one, where decisions are made promptly. When managing, it is also necessary to take into account the dynamics of the implementation of the decisions made, which allows us to consider control from the angle of the time factor.

The figure below shows three levels of management, which are correlated with such factors as the degree of increase in power, responsibility, the complexity of the tasks being solved, as well as the dynamics of decision-making on the implementation of tasks.

Operational (lower) level management provides a solution to repetitive tasks and operations and a quick response to changes in the input current information. At this level, both the volume of operations performed and the dynamics of managerial decision-making are quite large. This level of management is often called operational because of the need to respond quickly to changing situations. At the level of operational (operational) management, accounting tasks take up a large volume.

Functional (tactical) level management provides a solution to tasks requiring preliminary analysis of information prepared at the first level. At this level, such a management function as analysis is of great importance. The volume of tasks being solved decreases, but their complexity increases. At the same time, it is not always possible to work out the necessary solution quickly, additional time is required for analysis, comprehension, collection of missing information, etc. Management is associated with a certain delay from the moment information arrives to making decisions and their implementation, as well as from the moment of implementing decisions to receiving a response to them.

Strategic level ensures the development of management decisions aimed at achieving the long-term strategic goals of the organization. Since the results of the decisions made appear after a long time, such a management function as strategic planning is of particular importance at this level. Other management functions at this level are currently not fully developed. The strategic level of management is often referred to as strategic or long-term planning. The legality of the decision made at this level can be confirmed after a fairly long time. Months or years may pass. The responsibility for making management decisions is extremely great and is determined not only by the results of analysis using mathematical and special tools, but also by the professional intuition of managers.

Examples of information systems

Information system for finding market niches. When purchasing goods in some companies, the information system registers data about the buyer, which allows:

to determine the groups of buyers, their composition and requests, and then to focus in their strategy on the most numerous group;

send potential buyers various offers, advertisements, reminders;

provide regular customers with goods and services on credit, at a discount, with deferred payments.

Information Systems, accelerating the flow of goods. Suppose a firm specializes in supplying products to a specific institution, such as a hospital. As you know, it is very unprofitable to have large stocks of products in the company's warehouses, and it is impossible not to have them. In order to find the optimal solution to this problem, the company installs terminals in the serviced institution and connects them to the information system. The customer directly from the terminal enters his wishes for the catalog provided to him. This data is fed into the order accounting information system.

Managers, making samples for the orders received, make operational management decisions on the delivery of the right product to the customer in a short period of time. This saves a lot of money on storage of goods, speeds up and simplifies the flow of goods, and tracks the needs of buyers.

Information systems to reduce production costs. These information systems, tracking all phases of the production process, contribute to better management and control, more rational planning and use of personnel and, as a result, reduce the cost of products and services.

Information technology automation systems("management of concessions"). The essence of this technology is that if the firm's income remains within the framework of profitability, the consumer is given different discounts depending on the number and duration of contracts. In this case, the consumer becomes interested in interacting with the firm, and the firm thereby attracts an additional number of customers. If the client does not want to interact with this company and switches to service to another, then his costs may increase due to the loss of previously provided discounts.

Structure and classification of information systems

Information system structure

Types of provisioning subsystems

The structure information system is a collection of its individual parts, called subsystems.

Subsystem- This is a part of the system, allocated according to some attribute.

The general structure of an information system can be considered as a set of subsystems, regardless of the scope. In this case they say about the structural feature of the classification, and the subsystems are called providing. Thus, the structure of any information system can be represented by a set of supporting subsystems

Information, technical, mathematical, software, organizational and legal support are usually distinguished among the supporting subsystems.

Information Support

The purpose of the information support subsystem is the modern formation and issuance of reliable information for making management decisions.

Information Support- a set of a unified system of classification and coding of information, unified documentation systems, schemes of information flows circulating in an organization, as well as a methodology for building databases.

Unified documentation systems are created at the state, republican, sectoral and regional levels. The main goal is to ensure the comparability of indicators of various spheres of social production. Standards have been developed where the requirements are established:

to unified documentation systems;

to unified forms of documents of various levels of management;

to the composition and structure of details and indicators;

to the procedure for the implementation, maintenance and registration of unified forms of documents.

However, despite the existence of a unified documentation system, a survey of most organizations constantly reveals a whole range of typical shortcomings:

extremely large volume of documents for manual processing;
the same indicators are often duplicated in different documents;
working with a large number of documents distracts specialists from solving immediate problems;
there are indicators that are created but not used, etc.

Therefore, the elimination of these shortcomings is one of the tasks facing the creation of information support.

Information flow diagrams reflect the routes of information movement and its volumes, the places of origin of the primary information and the use of the resulting information. By analyzing the structure of such schemes, it is possible to develop measures to improve the entire management system.

The construction of information flow diagrams, allowing to identify the amount of information and carry out its detailed analysis, provides:

elimination of duplicate and unused information;

classification and rational presentation of information.

The methodology for building databases is based on the theoretical foundations of their design. To understand the concept of the methodology, we present its main ideas in the form of two successively implemented stages in practice:

1st stage - examination of all functional divisions of the company in order to:

understand the specifics and structure of its activities;

build a diagram of information flows;

analyze the existing document management system;

define information objects and the corresponding composition of attributes (parameters, characteristics) that describe their properties and purpose.

2nd stage - construction of a conceptual information-logical data model for the field of activity surveyed at the 1st stage. In this model, all connections between objects and their attributes must be established and optimized. The information-logical model is the foundation on which the database will be created.

a clear understanding of the goals, objectives, functions of the entire management system of the organization;

identifying the movement of information from the moment of its origin to its use at various levels of management, presented for analysis in the form of information flow schemes;

improvement of the document management system;

availability and use of a classification and coding system;

knowledge of the methodology for creating conceptual information-logical models that reflect the relationship of information;

creation of information arrays on computer media, which requires modern technical support.

Technical support

Technical support- a set of technical means intended for the operation of the information system, as well as the corresponding documentation for these means and technological processes

The complex of technical means consists of:

computers of any model;

devices for collecting, storing, processing, transmitting and outputting information;

data transmission devices and communication lines;

office equipment and devices for automatic information retrieval;

operating materials, etc.

Documentation formalizes the preliminary selection of technical means, the organization of their operation, the technological process of data processing, technological equipment. Documentation can be roughly divided into three groups:

system-wide, including state and industry standards for technical support;

specialized, containing a set of methods for all stages of development of technical support;

normative reference used when performing calculations for technical support.

To date, there are two main forms of organization of technical support (forms of using technical means): centralized and partially or completely decentralized.

Centralized technical support is based on the use of large computers and computing centers in the information system.

Decentralization of technical means involves the implementation of functional subsystems on personal computers directly at workplaces.

A promising approach should be considered, apparently, a partially decentralized approach - the organization of technical support based on distributed networks consisting of personal computers and a mainframe for storing databases common to any functional subsystems.

Mathematical and software- a set of mathematical methods, models, algorithms and programs for the implementation of the goals and objectives of the information system, as well as the normal functioning of the complex of technical means.

To funds software relate:

tools for modeling management processes;

typical management tasks;

methods of mathematical programming, mathematical statistics, queuing theory, etc.

Part software includes system-wide and special software products, as well as technical documentation.

TO system-wide software includes complexes of programs aimed at users and designed to solve typical problems of information processing. They serve to expand the functionality of computers, control and manage the data processing process.

Special software is a collection of programs developed when creating a specific information system. It includes applied software packages (APPs) that implement the developed models of varying degrees of adequacy, reflecting the functioning of a real object.

The technical documentation for the development of software should contain a description of the tasks, a task for algorithmization, an economic and mathematical model of the task, test examples.

Organizational support

Organizational support is a set of methods and means that regulate the interaction of workers with technical means and among themselves in the process of developing and operating an IS.

Organizational support implements the following functions:

analysis of the existing management system of the organization, where the IS will be used, and identification of tasks to be automated;

preparation of tasks for solving on a computer, including terms of reference for the design of IS and a feasibility study of its effectiveness;

development of management decisions on the composition and structure of the organization, methodology for solving problems aimed at increasing the efficiency of the management system.

Organizational support is created based on the results of a pre-project survey at the 1st stage of building a database.

Legal support

Legal support- a set of legal norms that determine the creation, legal status and operation of information systems, regulating the procedure for obtaining, transforming and using information.

The main purpose of legal support is to strengthen the rule of law.

The legal framework includes laws, decrees, decisions of state authorities, orders, instructions and other normative documents of ministries, departments, organizations, local authorities. In legal support, one can distinguish a general part that regulates the functioning of any information system, and a local part that regulates the functioning of a specific system.

Legal support for the stages of development of an information system includes regulations related to the contractual relationship between the developer and the customer and the legal regulation of deviations from the contract.

Legal support of the stages of functioning of the information system includes:

information system status;

rights, duties and responsibilities of personnel;

the procedure for creating and using information, etc.

Classification of information systems based on the structure of tasks

The concept of structured tasks

When creating or classifying information systems, problems inevitably arise associated with the formal - mathematical and algorithmic description of the problems being solved. The efficiency of the entire system, as well as the level of automation, determined by the degree of human participation in making decisions based on the information received, largely depends on the degree of formalization.

The more accurate the mathematical description of the problem, the higher the possibilities of computer data processing and the less the degree of human participation in the process of its solution. This determines the degree of automation of the task.

There are three types of tasks for which information systems are created: structured (formalized), unstructured (not formalized) and partially structured.

Structured (formalized) task- a task where all its elements and the relationship between them are known.

Unstructured (not formalized) task- a task in which it is impossible to select elements and establish links between them.

In a structured problem, it is possible to express its content in the form of a mathematical model that has an exact solution algorithm. Such tasks usually have to be solved many times, and they are of a routine nature. The purpose of using the information system to solve structured tasks is to fully automate their solution, i.e. reducing the role of a person to zero.

Types of information systems used to solve semi-structured tasks

Information systems used to solve partially structured tasks are divided into two types, creating management reports and focused mainly on data processing (search, sorting, aggregation, filtering). Using the information contained in these reports, the manager makes a decision;

Information Systems, creating management reports, provide information support to the user, i.e. provide access to information in the database and its partial processing. Data manipulation procedures in the information system should provide the following capabilities:

compilation of combinations of data obtained from various sources;

quick addition or exclusion of one or another data source and automatic switching of sources when searching for data;

data management using the capabilities of database management systems;

logical independence of this type of data from other databases included in the information support subsystem;

automatic tracking of the flow of information for filling the databases.

Information Systems, developing solution alternatives, can be model and expert.

Model information systems provide the user with mathematical, static, financial and other models, the use of which facilitates the development and evaluation of solution alternatives. The user can get the information he lacks for making a decision by establishing a dialogue with the model in the process of its research.

The main functions of the model information system are:

the ability to work in an environment of typical mathematical models, including the solution of basic modeling problems such as "how to do so?", "what will happen if?", sensitivity analysis, etc .;

sufficiently fast and adequate interpretation of the simulation results;

operational preparation and adjustment of input parameters and model constraints;

the ability to graphically display the dynamics of the model;

the ability to explain to the user the necessary steps for the formation and operation of the model.

Expert information systems ensure the development and assessment of possible alternatives by the user through the creation of expert systems associated with the processing of knowledge. Expert support for user-made decisions is implemented at two levels.

The work of the first level of expert support proceeds from the concept of "typical management decisions", in accordance with which problem situations that often arise in the management process can be reduced to some homogeneous classes of management decisions, i.e. to some typical set of alternatives. To implement expert support at this level, an information fund is created for storing and analyzing typical alternatives.

If the problem situation that has arisen is not associated with the existing classes of typical alternatives, the second level of expert support for managerial decisions should come into operation. This level generates alternatives based on the data available in the information fund, transformation rules and procedures for evaluating synthesized alternatives.

Other classifications of information systems

Classification by degree of automation

Depending on the degree of automation of information processes in the company's management system, information systems are defined as manual, automatic, automated

Handheld ICs characterized by the absence of modern technical means of information processing and the performance of all operations by a person. For example, about the activities of a manager in a company that does not have computers, we can say that he works with manual IS.

Automatic ICs perform all information processing operations without human intervention.

Automated ICs imply the participation in the process of information processing both a person and technical means, with the main role being assigned to a computer. In the modern interpretation, the term "information system" necessarily includes the concept of an automated system.

Automated ISs, given their widespread use in the organization of management processes, have various modifications and can be classified, for example, by the nature of the use of information and by the scope.

Classification by the nature of information use

Information retrieval systems produce input, systematization, storage, issuance of information at the request of the user without complex data transformations. For example, an information retrieval system in a library, in railway and air ticket offices.

Information-solving systems carry out all operations of information processing according to a certain algorithm. Among them, it is possible to classify according to the degree of influence of the resulting information on the decision-making process and distinguish two classes: managers and advisers.

IS managers generate information on the basis of which a person makes a decision. These systems are characterized by the type of tasks of a computational nature and the processing of large amounts of data. An example is a system for operational planning of production, an accounting system.

Advisory ISs generate information that is taken into account by a person and does not immediately turn into a series of concrete actions. These systems have a higher degree of intelligence, since they are characterized by the processing of knowledge, not data.

Classification by scope

Information Systems organizational management are designed to automate the functions of management personnel. Given the widest application and diversity of this class of systems, often any information systems are understood precisely in this interpretation. This class includes information management systems for both industrial firms and non-industrial facilities: hotels, banks, trading companies, etc. The main functions of such systems are: operational control and regulation, operational accounting and analysis, prospective and operational planning, accounting, management sales and supply and other economic and organizational tasks.

Process control IC (TP) serve to automate the functions of production personnel. They are widely used in the organization to maintain the technological process in the metallurgical and mechanical engineering industries.

Computer-aided design (CAD) ICs designed to automate the functions of design engineers, designers, architects, designers when creating a new technique or technology. The main functions of such systems are: engineering calculations, creation of graphic documentation (drawings, diagrams, plans), creation of project documentation, modeling of designed objects.

Integrated (corporate) IS are used to automate all functions of the company and cover the entire cycle of work from design to sales of products. The creation of such systems is very difficult, since it requires a systematic approach from the standpoint of the main goal, for example, making a profit, conquering a sales market, etc. This approach can lead to significant changes in the very structure of the company, which not every manager can decide on.

Documentary information systems

Unlike factual information systems, a single data element in documentary [information systems] is a document unstructured into smaller elements. In the overwhelming majority of cases, unstructured documents are primarily text documents presented in the form of text files, although the class of unstructured documented data may also include sound and graphic files.

The main task of documentary information systems is the accumulation and provision of documents to the user, content, subject matter, details, etc., which are adequate to his information needs. Therefore, we can give the following definition of a documentary information system- a single repository of documents with tools for searching and selecting the necessary documents. The search character of documentary information systems has historically determined another name for them - information retrieval systems (ISS), although this term does not fully reflect the specifics of documentary IS.

The correspondence of the found documents to the user's information needs is called pertinence.

Due to theoretical and practical difficulties in formalizing the semantic content of documents, pertinence is more likely to be a qualitative concept, although, as will be discussed below, it can be expressed in certain quantitative indicators.

Depending on the implementation features of the document storage and search mechanisms, documentary IRS can be divided into two groups:

systems based on indexing;
semantic navigation systems.

V semantic navigation systems documents placed in the repository (base) of documents are equipped with special navigation structures corresponding to semantic connections (references) between different documents or separate fragments of one document. Such constructions implement some semantic * (notional) network in the document base. The method and mechanism for expressing information needs in such systems are based on explicit user navigation through semantic references between documents. This approach is currently being implemented in hypertext information systems.

V indexing systems the original documents are placed in the base without any additional transformation, but the semantic content of each document is displayed in a certain search space. The process of displaying a document in the search space is called indexing and consists in assigning each document some index-coordinate in the search space. The formalized representation (description) of the document index is called the document search image (POD). The user expresses his information needs by means and language of the search space, forming a search image of a request (POP) to the document base. The system, based on certain criteria and methods, searches for documents, the search images of which match or are close to the search patterns of the user's request, and issues the corresponding documents. The correspondence of the found documents to the user's request is called relevance. The general principle of the structure and functioning of documentary IRS based on indexing is schematically illustrated in Fig.

Rice. General principle of the structure and functioning of documentary IRS based on indexing

A feature of documentary ISS is also the fact that their functions, as a rule, include the tasks of informing users about all new documents entering the system that correspond to the predetermined information needs of the user.

The principle of solving the problems of information notification in documentary ISS based on indexing is similar to the principle of solving the problems of searching for documents by queries and is based on displaying the user's information needs in the search space in the form of so-called search user profiles (RFP). As new documents are received and indexed, the information retrieval system compares their images with the search profiles of users and decides on the appropriate notification. The principle of solving the problems of information notification is schematically illustrated in Fig.

Rice. The principle of solving the problems of information notification in documentary ISS based on indexing

The search space, which displays search images of documents and implements mechanisms for information retrieval of documents, as in the DBMS of factual systems, is built on the basis of document database languages, called information retrieval languages (IPL). Information retrieval language is a kind of formalized semantic system designed to express the content of the document and requests to find the necessary documents. By analogy with the languages of databases of factual systems, IPL can be divided into structural and manipulation components.

Structural component The IPL (search space) of documentary ISS based on indexing is implemented by indexes in the form of information retrieval catalogs, thesauri and general indexes.

Information retrieval catalogs are traditional technologies for organizing information retrieval in documentary collections of libraries, archives and represent a classification system of knowledge in a certain subject area. The semantic content of a document in information retrieval catalogs is displayed by one or another class of the catalog, and indexing of documents consists in assigning a special code (index) to each document of the corresponding class (classes) of the catalog and creating on this basis a special index index.

Thesaurus is a specially organized set of basic lexical units (concepts) of the subject area (vocabulary of terms) and a description of the paradigmatic relations between them. Paradigmatic relationships are expressed by semantic relationships between vocabulary elements that do not depend on any context. Independence from the context means generalization (abstraction) of semantic relations, for example, the relations "genus-species", "object-whole", "subject-object-means-place-time of action". Just as in information retrieval catalogs, in systems based on thesaurus, not the entire text of a document is displayed in the information retrieval space, but only the semantic content of the document expressed by means of the thesaurus.

General index (concordance)(global dictionary-index) in general form is a listing of all words (word forms) available in the documents of the repository, indicating (references) the coordinate location of each word (document number - paragraph number - sentence number - word number). Indexing of a new document in such systems is carried out through the addition of coordinate references of those word forms of the general index that are present in the new document. Since the search space in such systems fully reflects the entire text of the document (all words of the document), and not only its semantic content, such systems are called full-text IRS.

In the specialized literature, such systems are sometimes called systems without lexical control, that is, without taking into account the possible synonymy of individual groups of word forms, combining individual groups of word forms into general semantic groups, semantic relations between word forms.

Structural component The IPL of semantic-navigation systems is implemented in the form of a technique of semantic references in the texts of documents and a special navigation interface for them and is currently represented by hypertext technologies.

The search (manipulation) component of the IPL implemented by descriptor and semantic query languages. V descriptor languages documents and queries are represented by sets of certain lexical units (words, phrases, terms) - descriptors that have no connections with each other, or, as they say, have no grammar. Thus, each document or request is associated or, better said, represented by a set of descriptors. The search is performed by searching for documents with a suitable set of descriptors. The elements-descriptors are either elements of the dictionary of key terms, or elements of the general index (global dictionary of all word forms). Due to the absence of links between descriptors, the set of which for a specific document and a specific request expresses, respectively, the search image of the document - POD or the search image of the POZ query, such languages are used primarily in full-text systems.

Semantic languages contain grammatical and semantic constructions for expressing (describing) the semantic content of documents and requests. The whole variety of semantic languages is divided into two large groups:

predicate languages;
relational languages.

V predicate languages as an elementary meaningful construction of an utterance, a predicate is used, which is a multi-place relation of a certain set of grammatical elements. The multiplace relationship means that each element of the predicate plays a specific role for a group of lexical elements as a whole, but does not have a specific relationship with each element of this group separately. An analogue of a predicate statement in natural language is a sentence stating a certain fact or describing a certain event.

V relational languages lexical units of utterances can only enter into binary (with each other), but not into joint, that is, not multiplace relations.

Functional classes of a natural language act as lexical units of semantic languages, the most important of which are:

concept-classes (a general definition of a set of homogeneous elements of the real world, which have a certain characteristic set of properties that allow one concept-classes to be separated from others);
concept-action (the lexical element expressing the dynamics of the real world contains a universal set of attributes, including the subject of action, object of action, time of action, place of action, instrument of action, goal, etc.);
concept-states (lexical elements that fix the states of objects);
names (lexical elements that identify class concepts);
relations (lexical elements used to establish relationships on a set of concepts and names);
quantifiers (universality, existence, etc.).

Semantic languages form the linguistic-manipulation basis of information retrieval catalogs, thesauri and semantic-navigation (hypertext) ISS, describing by their own means the catalogs themselves, thesauri, semantic networks and expressing the semantic content of documents and queries.

Performance indicators

The main indicators of the effectiveness of the functioning of documentary IRS are the completeness and accuracy of information retrieval.

Completeness of information retrieval R is determined by the ratio of the number of found pertinent documents A to the total number of pertinent documents C available in the system or in the studied set of documents:

Information retrieval accuracy P is determined by the ratio of the number of found pertinent documents A to the total number of documents L issued at the user's request:

The presence of irrelevant documents among the selected at the user's request is called the information noise of the system. Information Noise Ratio k, respectively, is determined by the ratio of the number of irrelevant documents (L – A) issued in response to the user to the total number of documents L issued at the user's request:

Ideally, the completeness of information retrieval and the accuracy of information retrieval should be close to unity, although in practice their values range from 60 to 90%.

Literature

1. Danilevsky Yu.G., Petukhov I.A., Shibanov B.C. Information technology in industry. - L .: Mechanical engineering. Leningrad. branch, 1988.

2. Information technology, economics, culture / Sat. reviews and abstracts. - M .: INION RAN, 1995.

3. Information systems in economics / Ed. V.V. Dick. - M .: Finance and statistics, 1996.

leadership.

The management process is based on the processing of information circulating in logistics systems. A necessary condition for the coordinated work of all links of the LC is the presence of information systems, which, like the central nervous system, are able to quickly and economically bring the required signal to the right point at the right moment. One of the most important conditions for the successful functioning of production as a whole is the availability of such a system of information that would make it possible to link together all activities (supply, production, transport, storage, distribution, etc.) and manage it based on the principles of a single whole.

At the current level of development of social production, it has become obvious that information is an independent production factor, the potential of which opens up broad prospects for strengthening the competitiveness of firms. The streams of information are the connecting threads on which all the elements of the logistic system are strung.

Information logistics organizes the data flow. He is engaged in the creation and management of information systems (IS), which, technically and programmatically, provide for the transmission and processing of logistics information. The subject of the study of information logistics is the features of the construction and functioning of IS that ensure the functioning of drugs. The purpose of information logistics is the construction and operation of information systems that ensure the availability of: 1) the necessary information; 2) in the right place; 3) at the right time; 4) the necessary content (for the person making the decision); 5) at minimal cost.

With the help of information logistics and the improvement on its basis of planning and management methods in companies of leading industrial countries, a process is currently underway, the essence of which is the replacement of physical stocks with reliable information.

Information system. Types of information systems

Information is the main logistics and production factor. The main types of information are:

1. Internal, i.e. the flow of information within an object between subdivisions and levels of the organizational structure.

2. External - the flow of information between this organization and other b. ects, outside its limit. External information flow includes:

1) planning

2) coordination

3) service

At the base of the functional pyramid of the logistics information system is a system of operations between the links of the logistics system, which determines the relationship between the functional divisions of the company (in terms of the implementation of logistics functions), logistics intermediaries and consumers of the company's products. At the level of analysis, the logistics regional or administrative managers of a firm mainly use information for tactical purposes for marketing, forecasting financial and operational performance indicators. Finally, at the top strategic level, logistics defines the management strategy and is linked to strategic corporate planning and the mission of the firm.

The characteristics of the system levels of the functional structure of the logistics information system are associated with the achievement of certain strategic and tactical goals of the company and competitive advantages.

The organizational structure of the logistics information system can be aggregatedly formed from four subsystems: order management, research and communication, logistics solutions support and generating output forms and reports. These interconnected subsystems provide information and computer support for all functions of logistics management and communication with the micro- and macrological external environment.

In the organizational structure of the logistics information system, a subsystem for managing order procedures is highlighted as one of the main subsystems, which is due to the direct contact of this subsystem with consumers in the processes of processing and fulfilling orders. The use of the concept of "electronic data interchange" and the standards based on it is of great importance here.

The subsystem of scientific research and communication reflects the influence of the external and internal environment of the company on the process of logistics management and interacts between the links of the logistics system and management functions due to:

Integration of logistics planning with corporate planning;

Interaction of logistics management with other corporate functions;

Strategic guidelines for the organizational structure of the logistics system and personnel;

Information technology integration;

Preparing or purchasing technological solutions and using intermediaries;

Adaptation to the conditions of the company of the forms of supply chains, channels and networks, as well as management functions;

Emphasis on productivity and quality of services in logistics.

The subsystem under consideration plays an important role in reflecting the changes and requirements of both the external and internal environment of the company. A logistics manager can use this subsystem to scan a firm's micro and macro environment in four ways:

1) indirect consideration based on a general analysis of the information received, when there is no specific set goal;

2) direct consideration, when information about the external and internal environment of the firm is actively analyzed with a pre-formulated goal;

3) informal research on limited and unstructured data;

4) formal research using a pre-drawn plan, procedures and methods for processing and analyzing the information received.

To optimize the results of assessing the impact of the external and internal environment of the company on the behavior of the logistics system, the logistics manager must use the key information sources of the subsystem in the monitoring process. There are two aspects to consider here. First, the use of information by the firm's staff to assess the effectiveness of their logistics decisions. For example, accounting information or information on prices for finished products of competitors can provide a comprehensive answer about the effectiveness of management; information on the size of cargo shipments can be used by the transport departments of the company, etc. Secondly, the logistics partners of the company, such as suppliers of material resources, resellers, carriers and consumers of finished products can also use the information subsystem to improve coordination and reduce their own costs. An important place in the subsystem under consideration belongs to forecasting, in particular, to such aspects as collection of initial information, assessment of accuracy, reliability, and the use of the most effective forecasting methods.

The third component of the logistics information system is the subsystem for supporting logistics solutions, which is an interactive computer information system that includes databases and analytical models that, as a rule, implement optimization tasks that arise in the process of logistics management. The subsystem forms, updates and maintains variously structured, centralized and distributed databases for four main types of files:

Base files containing external and internal information necessary for making logistics decisions;

° critical factors that determine the main actions, goals and constraints in decision-making;

Policies / parameters containing basic logistic operating procedures for key areas;

Decision files that store information about previous (periodic) decisions for various logistics functions.

This subsystem uses a large number of economic and mathematical models and methods (in particular, forecasting to support decisions made by logistics management). All these models and methods can be divided into classes: optimization, heuristic and simulation. Optimization models of decision making are based on methods of operational calculus: programming (linear, nonlinear, dynamic, stochastic, integer), mathematical statistics (correlation and regression analysis, theory of random processes, theory of identification, theory of statistical models of decision making, etc.), calculus of variations, optimal control, queuing theory, graphs, schedules, etc. In particular, the following problems can be specified for various logistic functions:

Optimal dispatching in production, transportation, cargo handling;

Optimal placement of objects in production, distribution, warehousing;

Construction of optimal supply chains, channels, networks;

Building the optimal organizational structure of the logistics system;

Optimal routing;

Determination of the optimal duration of the constituent logistic cycles;

Optimization of procedures for collecting, processing and fulfilling orders;

Optimization of the parameters of inventory management systems;

The optimal choice of carrier, freight forwarder, supplier, etc.

In the subsystem under consideration, interactive (dialogue) procedures for information support for decision-making by logistics management are widely used.

The fourth element of the organizational structure of the logistics information system is a subsystem for generating output forms and reports. "

The information support system in logistics for the performance of the above functions must be properly organized. The specificity of this system lies in the fact that in the course of its activity it should be able to influence all functional subsystems of a logistics organization. Based on this, there are three possible ways to organize it: centralized, decentralized and specialized.

With a centralized method of organization, information support activities are concentrated in one department (department) and report directly to the top management of the organization through the vice president (deputy director) for information systems (technologies). The advantage of this method of organization is to ensure high efficiency of work on the implementation of new information systems and technologies. The disadvantages include the high costs of maintaining the management apparatus.

With a decentralized method of organizing the information support subsystem, specialists from different functional divisions perform the functions of managing information flows in their subject area. The advantage of this method of organization is the high level of knowledge of the subject area of the information systems manager, the disadvantage is the duplication of tasks and functions of the same type in different departments of the organization.

With a specialized method, there are no departments for information systems (technologies) in the organization. If it is necessary to develop and implement a new information system, these organizations contact specialized firms and perform work on a contractual basis (outsourcing).

This is common in small organizations that cannot have full-time IT professionals and rely on consultants. The advantage of this method of organizing the information support system is a high level of scientific and methodological developments, the disadvantage is the complexity of taking into account the specific features of the object.

The choice of this or that method of organizing the information support system depends on many factors, primarily on the size of the organization, the existing business processes in it, and the availability of free funds. Note: the information support system has now reached such a level of specialization that it requires attention to its organization - modern leaders understand this. Therefore, any small organization includes information services. The information system necessary for the adequate performance of logistics functions must meet the following requirements:

Information flows must be informationally compatible;

Internal interconnections and interdependencies of information flows should be causal;

The hierarchical subordination of information flows to must be clear;

The information system must be inherent in the property of integrability.

3. Principles and levels of information logistics system

The principles of building a logistics information system should be based on:

1. Completeness and suitability of information for the user. The logistics manager must have the necessary and complete (sufficient) information to make decisions, and in the form he needs. For example, information about stocks or customer orders often needs preprocessing and is usually not located where the logistics manager makes a decision.

2. Accuracy. The accuracy of the background information is essential for making the right decisions. For example, information on the level of stocks in the distribution network in modern logistics systems allows no more than 1% of errors or uncertainties for making effective decisions in physical distribution, stock creation and customer satisfaction. The accuracy and reliability of the initial data is of great importance for forecasting demand, planning the needs for material resources, etc.

3. Timeliness. Logistic information must enter the management system on time, as required by many logistics technologies, especially those based on the "just in time" concept. Timeliness of information is essential for almost all complex logistics functions. In addition, many tasks in transportation, operational management, order and inventory management are solved in real time ("on line"). This is also required by the numerous tasks of logistic monitoring. The requirements for the timeliness of receipt and processing of information are implemented by modern logistics technologies for scanning, satellite navigation, bar coding, and the introduction of EDI / EDIFACT standards.

4. Orientation. Information in the logistics information system should be aimed at identifying additional opportunities for improving the quality of products, service, and reducing logistics costs. Methods for receiving, transmitting, displaying and preliminary processing of information should help to identify bottlenecks, reserves for saving resources, etc.

5. Flexibility. The information circulating in the logistics information system must be tailored for specific users, have the most convenient form for them. This is casa. It includes both the company's personnel and logistic intermediaries and end users. Paper and electronic document flow, intermediate and output forms, reports, certificates and other documents should be maximally adapted to the requirements of all participants in the logistics process and adapted to the possible dialogue mode for many users.

6. Suitable data format. The data and message format used in computer and telecommunication networks of a logistics information system should make the most efficient use of the performance of technical means (memory capacity, speed, bandwidth, etc.). Types and forms of documents, location of details on paper documents, dimension of data and other parameters should facilitate machine processing of information. In addition, there is a need for information compatibility of computer and telecommunication systems of logistics intermediaries and other users in terms of data formats in the logistics information system.

The formation of an information system in logistics is carried out according to a hierarchical principle, and in logistics information systems the numbering of levels starts from the lowest. This principle is adopted in order to ensure the possibility of building up the information system with higher ranks and its inclusion as a subsystem in generalizing systems and networks of a higher order, if the need arises.

In accordance with such a structural decomposition in information systems in logistics, three levels are distinguished:

1. The first level is the level of the workplace (in a broad sense), for example, a storage area, a machine for performing mechanical processing, a place or installation for packaging and labeling, etc. At this level, one or another logistic operation with a controlled material flow, namely its element (part, unit packaging, working table-satellite or some other load unit) moves, overloads, packs, undergoes one or another processing.

2. The second level is the level of the production site, workshop, warehouse, etc., where the processes of processing, packaging and transportation of cargo units take place and workplaces are located.

3. The third level is the system of transportation and movement of cargo units in the entire production and distribution system as a whole, from the loading of raw materials, materials and components to the delivery of finished products to consumers and settlements for them.

The supply and management levels that correspond to their information system levels determine the functional and operational completeness of the information subsystems.

At the top level of the information system, the scheduling information subsystem is implemented. Here, the logistics management of the total material flow is carried out in order to organize production and sales activities aimed at the most efficient satisfaction of market needs.

At the second level of the information system, the so-called dispositive (disposite - to place, dispose) information subsystems are presented. These subsystems detail the plans drawn up at the top level and bring them to the level of individual production sections, workshops, mechanized to one degree or another warehouses and other production units, etc., and also determine the methods of action of these units.

The so-called executive information subsystems are located at the lower level of information systems. They bring tasks, rules and instructions to specific workplaces and performers, also monitor the progress of the technological process at workplaces and provide feedback, forming primary information from these workplaces.

Note that the planning, dispositive and executive subsystems are connected by direct and reverse vertical information flows.

Separate complexes of tasks within the specified functional subsystems are linked by horizontal information flows.

4. MAIN DIRECTIONS OF INFORMATION AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT OF LOGISTIC SYSTEMS

As a result of the logistic construction, the information and technical b aza with the management system, I must allow analysis and at taking control actions on bb ect in the conditions of the set goals and established informational processes.

The main factors associated with building information and he n o - logistic and systems are:

1) Conditions for the interaction of systems with each other and the environment.

The logistic system of organization of management establishes such an order in which the information and the information formed on its basis and nf oh a qi O nna There are flows between individual organizational units and are of the nature of informational lead. Target character outstripping information allows to carry out an objective truth within the management hematic analysis sit hell ui and make the necessary decisions. Ca and about b projects and objects of management, being in the process of functioning in a target, informational and organizational relationship, image they are united histologically yu process control system.

At the present time, depending on the nature of the relationship between the ek T ami, management structures, as well as their signs, the following the main e types of hierarchical organizational structures.

It is worth considering this issue from different points of view, which will create a big picture. Experts say that it is an interconnected set of tools, personnel and methods used to store, process and issue information necessary to solve any specific tasks.

Basic moments

Considering, it must be said that it can have a different scale and purpose. There are other features as well. The systems can differ in the degree of coverage of different areas of the company's activities, they can be designed not only for warehouse or accounting, but also for finance, production accounting and control of enterprise document flow.

Regardless of their purpose, they all have a whole set of properties that have become common to them. As the main ones for information processing in any modern system, the use of computers is required. They are tools and technical base in conjunction with specialized programs installed on them. If we talk about what an information system is, then it should be noted that its basis can be called the means developed for storing and accessing data. They are herewith intended for use by the end user, who does not need to be a computer expert. This includes client applications designed to provide an intuitive interface.

IC types

Such systems are divided into documentary and factual. The first are focused on solving problems related to production management, accounting and others like them. The latter are focused on finding unambiguous answers to queries, as well as on solving the problem in only one way. These can be heterogeneous reference and information systems, search systems, as well as those engaged in operational data processing. Documentary IS are designed to solve problems that do not provide unambiguous answers to questions. Here we can cite as an example which is becoming more and more popular in enterprises lately. Mixed type of IC is allowed.

The scale

Speaking about what an information system is, it is worth touching on such an important issue as its scale. It is customary to distinguish between individual or desktop IS, network, which includes several users, and the largest - enterprise scale. It is rather difficult to imagine a modern company without using such a system. It does not matter in what area the activity of an enterprise is concentrated, its size is not so important, its IP in any case serves as a core that ensures effective management of production, trade or timely high-quality provision of services. With its help, it simplifies the solution of managerial tasks, it is possible to free some employees from solving various routine matters, the probability of errors is reduced, the number of paper documents is reduced, and there are also opportunities for a significant reduction in costs. For this reason, any modern enterprise differs in that everything connected with the information system and ensuring its uninterrupted functioning has become the subject of special control by the management personnel.

City information system of cadastral registration

IS of the city cadastre is one of the ways to ensure information transformation of cadastral data on objects of different types of property in a settlement. It is a complex of technical means and software, material and labor resources, which are aimed at creating information about immovable property and its full presentation in the form of tangible documents.

The city information system plays a very important role in providing data, since it serves as an effective means of forming an information space, which is used to manage social, economic, economic and other activities in it. In the current socio-economic conditions, the creation of such a space becomes possible only on the basis of the absolute automation of such processes as the collection, processing, storage and updating of cadastral data on real estate objects. In addition, the provision of information systems provides access to all specified data, operational exchange between government and commercial structures of various kinds, services and organizations of the city.

The need for such a structure

At the moment, certain state, commercial and municipal organizations (land markets, mortgage banks, committees for the privatization of real estate, tax inspectorates, insurance companies and others) can hardly fulfill their direct responsibilities without organizing the timely exchange of cadastral information that is reliable during this period of time. That is why the development of an information system of this kind allows solving not only the problems of protecting property rights and taxation, but also other issues.

Non-cadastral tasks

Prompt, complete and high-quality information support of the authorities that manage the city, commercial, economic and other structures and individual citizens with full and reliable information about the physical condition of real estate objects of different forms of ownership and other elements of the urban environment;

Analysis of the use of infrastructural, natural, labor, material, technical means and resources of the city, their distribution by ownership, etc.

Works on the preparation of urban planning and architectural projects, on the design of utilities and others.

Difficulties in work

The design of information systems of this kind became necessary due to the fact that until recently there were no analogues on the domestic market capable of solving such complex problems. There are no such solutions abroad either, but in recent years, the intensification of work in this area is simply amazing. The first Russian development in this area was the AIS GK, created by the Novosibirsk branch of RosNITs "Earth". It is focused on providing a variety of structures with reliable cadastral information: administration, privatization committee, insurance bureaus, tax inspectorates, institutions and enterprises, mortgage, land and investment banks, as well as individuals who own real estate.

Features of data accounting

It is important to understand that certain services and organizations of the city are able to be not only passive consumers of cadastral information, but also to form it, having a huge impact on the formation of the urban information space. It is for this reason that the development of the AIS GK was carried out taking into account the possibility of using software products of such users, and also provided for the safety of their fleet of technical measuring instruments. The unified information system was developed taking into account all the specified features.

Construction principles used

Modularity in terms of construction, which allows to ensure the normal functioning of each individual element, and therefore their entire set as a whole;

They have a very flexible software architecture, which allows new subscribers to be included in the network and excluded from it, without reducing the operability, reliability and productivity of the entire structure, and also does not require any reconfiguration;

Data is fully protected from loss in the event of failures or unauthorized access to the IS;

Classification and coding of data on elements of the urban environment is uniform;

Information is entered in a single format, which became possible due to the use of system configuration tools provided by the operating system and network DBMS;

The results of geodetic changes are processed in a fully automated mode, regardless of what methods were used to collect them;

Information in the database is presented in topological integrity, there is an opportunity for editing all types of cadastral data;

Operational control of the reliability and correctness of data during all operations with them.

Such a unified information system is capable of solving not only directly cadastral problems, but also many others associated with the development of plans for the development of territories and their reorganization, environmental protection, rational placement of housing facilities, modeling traffic flows, property management and much more. In addition, such a system easily absorbs user devices, instruments and computers.

Alternative options

The school information system is a completely new approach to education. With the help of important elements, timely data provision is achieved. For example, an element such as an electronic diary is used to post information about grades and homework, allowing teachers to quickly interact with their students. This includes a student portfolio that demonstrates student activity in and out of school. The school information system supports the use of personal privacy settings through a personal account. Parents can quickly receive reliable information not only about academic performance, but also about homework.

So, all this makes it possible to understand what an information system is, how it helps in solving many important issues.

The set of software, hardware, organizational support and personnel, which is designed to provide the right people with the information they need in a timely manner, is called an information system. In this article we will talk in more detail about what an information system is, we will give information about some types of existing systems.

Information system

In the second article of the Law on Information, the following definition of IP is given: an information system is a collection of information contained in databases and technical means and information technologies that ensure its processing.

IP signs:

Performing one or more functions in relation to information;
Unity of the system, implying the presence of a common file base, uniform standards and protocols, uniform management, and more;
The ability to perform the specified functions to create compositions and decomposition of system objects.

Basic requirements for IP:

Efficiency;
Functioning quality: consistency with standards, accuracy, security;
Reliability. The system should not fail on the following thresholds: information quality, access time, performance,
Security.

What is an automated information system

An automated information system is an interconnected set of software, data, standards, equipment, procedures and personnel, which is designed to process and collect, store, distribute and issue information and meets the requirements that arise from the goals of a particular organization.

In fact, AIS is a man-machine system based on an automated technology for obtaining information, which is used to optimize the management process and information support of personnel in specific activities.

Due to the formalization of processing processes and the complexity of structuring information, the automation of information procedures is difficult. The degree of automation of information processes can range from ten to twenty percent.

What is an information retrieval system

The definition of the ISS is as follows: an information retrieval system is an applied computer environment designed for searching, collecting, processing, sorting, storing and filtering large-scale arrays of information in a structured form.

ISS, information retrieval systems are designed to solve certain types of problems, characterized by their own set of objects and their attributes.

IPS, information retrieval systems are subdivided into:

Documentary. In such information retrieval systems, all stored documents are indexed in a special way. Each individual document is given an individual code, which makes up the search image. That is, the search will be conducted by search images, and not by the documents themselves. Thus, one usually searches for literature in large libraries. The required book is searched for by the number indicated in the catalog card.
Factographic. These information retrieval systems store facts, not documents; these facts relate to any subject area. The search is carried out on the basis of the fact.

Information retrieval systems, IRS include 2 parts of the database:

DB - exactly the database itself;
DBMS is a database management system.

DB is a set of structured data that relate to a specific subject area.

DBMS is a complex of language and software tools that are necessary for creating a database, keeping them up to date, and organizing the search for the necessary information in them.

The most famous are such DBMS as Microsoft Access, Dbase, FoxPro, Clipper, Paradox.

What is a corporate information system

Any large company, moreover a rapidly developing one, will sooner or later face the problem of organizing information and automation processes that will participate in processing this information.

At the beginning of the development of the organization, it is possible for employees to use standard office applications, but over time, the constant growth of information volumes will put the company the task of organizing a Corporate Information System (CIS).

KIS, Corporate Information System is a scalable system that is designed for the complex automation of economic activities of organizations, corporations, companies that require unified management.

The introduction of the corporate information system, the corporate information system, will give the following results:

Increased resistance to external influences, flexibility and internal control.
Increasing the competitiveness and efficiency of the company.
Reducing the cost of goods and services.
Decrease in warehouse stock.
Increase in sales of goods and services.
Improving the interaction with suppliers.
Reducing the lead time of orders.

All this will contribute to the implementation of the main goal of the corporate information system, the corporate information system, which is to increase the profitability of the organization, thanks to the most efficient use of all the company's resources and improving the quality of management decisions made by management.

We hope that everyone who was interested in the question of what an information system is, could find an answer to it in this article.

10. Information systems

1. Information systems: definition, purpose of creation, structure.

2. Basic principles of IP development

3. Classification of information systems.

4. Systems of classification and coding of economic information.

IP classes: MR I, MRP II, ERP

1. Information systems: definition, purpose of creation, structure.

Information- this is some information, knowledge about objects and processes of the real world. Economic information is displayed, as a rule, in the form of documents.

Document is a material carrier of information that has legal force and is executed in accordance with the established procedure.

System is a complex of interrelated means acting as a whole. Each system is characterized by structure, input and output streams, purpose and constraints, and a law of functioning.

System encompasses a complex of interrelated elements that act as a whole in achieving the set goals.

Each system includes components

1. The structure of the system is a set of elements of the system and the relationships between them.

2. Functions of each element of the system

3. Input and output of each element and the system as a whole.

4. Objectives and limitations of the system and its individual elements (achieving a reduction in costs and an increase in profits)

Each system has properties of divisibility and integrity.

IP provides collection, storage, processing of information about the facility supplying workers of various ranks with information for the implementation of management functions.

EIS is system, functioning which is the collection, storage, processing and dissemination of information about the activities of any economic entity in the real world.

EIS are intended for solving problems of processing data from office automation, performing information retrieval and individual tasks based on artificial intelligence methods (from lectures).

Information System (IS) is a software and hardware complex designed for automated collection, storage, processing and issuance of information. Usually, ISs deal with large amounts of information that has a rather complex structure. The classic examples of information systems are banking systems, ticketing systems for transport, etc.

IP always specializes in information from a certain area of the real world: economics, technology, medicine, etc. The part of the real world displayed in the IS is called subject area ... Therefore, economic IP is an IP, the subject area of which is economics. In this sense, it acts as an information model of the subject area.

Any system of management of an economic object has its own information system, called an economic information system.

Economic Information System (EIS) - a set of internal and external flows of direct and feedback information communication of an economic object, methods, means, specialists involved in the process of information processing and the development of management decisions.

The information system is a system of information services for employees of management services and performs technological functions for the accumulation, storage, transmission and processing of information. It develops, is formed and functions in the regulations determined by the methods and structure of management activities adopted at a specific economic facility, realizes the goals and objectives facing it.

IP structure

The most common division of EIS subsystems is the separation of the supporting and functional parts. The functional part is actually a model of the object management system. As applied to control systems, the feature of structuring can be the object control functions, in accordance with which the EIS consists of functional subsystems. The supporting part of the EIS consists of information, technical, software, organizational, legal and other types of support.

Regardless of the features, any EIS consists of functional and supporting parts. The functional part is determined by a set of tasks to be solved, identified for certain types of activities of various economic objects (according to functions).

The supporting part is a complex of interconnected means of a certain type that ensure the functioning of the system as a whole or its individual elements. The supporting subsystems include: information support for IO, technical support for maintenance, software for MO, legal support for Legal A, software software, organizational support for Org., Technological support for Tech.

IO is a set of a unified system of classification and coding of information of unified documentation systems, schemes of information flows circulating in organizations, as well as the methodology for constructing a database of IO is subdivided into out-of-machine and intra-machine.

Out-of-machine unified documentation system, as well as a classification system for coding accounting information.

Intra-machine - documents and arrays of documents stored in the computer memory in the form of libraries, archives, databases, knowledge bases.

TO - a set of technical means intended for the operation of the IS, as well as the corresponding documentation for these means and technological processes.

Tech.O - focused on the selected information technology for entering the registration of transmission, processing and issuance of effective information. (centralized, distributed, decentralized)

Software - includes: general system and special software products, as well as technical documentation (OS, shells, programs ....)

Mat.O. - a set of mathematical methods, models, algorithms for the implementation of the goals and objectives of the IS, as well as the functioning of the complex of technical means.

Org.O - a set of methods and means that regulate the interaction of workers with technical means and among themselves in the development and operation of IS.

Right. - a set of legal norms that determine the creation of the legal status and functioning of IP, governing the procedure for obtaining the transformation and use of information. (from lectures)

The structure of information includes in its totality the following concepts: information space, subject area, object, object instance, object properties, object interaction and interaction properties. To describe a subject area means to list objects and relationships between them, and then describe them with attributes and constituent units of information.

The structure of economic information is quite complex and may include various combinations of information aggregates with a certain content. An information set is understood as a group of data characterizing an object, process, or operation. According to their structural composition, information aggregates can be divided into:

requisites,

indicators,

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