home › Wallpaper › The role of information activities in modern society. “the role of information activity in modern society. While in the computer lab, students must

The role of information activities in modern society. “the role of information activity in modern society. While in the computer lab, students must

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

1 slide

Slide description:

Topic 1. Human information activity Lecture 1.1. Introduction. The role of information activity in modern society, its economic, social, cultural, educational spheres. The importance of computer science in mastering specialties in secondary vocational education. Main stages of development of the information society.

2 slide

Slide description:

Computer science is a science that studies the laws, methods and methods of accumulating, processing and transmitting information using computers and other technical means. Informatics (French Informatique; English Computer science) is the science of methods and processes of collecting, storing, processing, transmitting, analyzing and evaluating information using computer technology, which makes it possible to use it for decision making. Computer science

3 slide

Slide description:

Historically, the word computer science comes from the French word Informatique, formed by combining the terms Information (information) and Automatique (automation). Despite the widespread use of the term computer science in a number of countries in Eastern Europe, in most countries in Western Europe and the United States another term is used - Computer Science. It is customary to name two sciences as sources of computer science: documentary science and cybernetics. Documentary writing, the subject of which was the study of rational means and methods for increasing the efficiency of document flow, was formed at the end of the 19th century in connection with the rapid development of industrial relations. Its heyday occurred in the 20s and 30s of the 20th century. The technical science closest to computer science is cybernetics (kyberneticos), the foundations of which were laid in 1948 by the American mathematician Norbert Wiener. Cybernetics (from ancient Greek κυβερνητική “the art of control”) is the science of the general laws of receiving, storing, transforming and transmitting information in complex control systems, be they machines, living organisms or society. Interestingly, the term “cybernetics” was first introduced by the French physicist Andre Marie Ampere in the first half of the 19th century. He was developing a unified system of classification of all sciences and used this term to designate a hypothetical science of management, which did not exist at that time, but which, in his opinion, should have existed. A little history...

4 slide

Slide description:

5 slide

Slide description:

Theoretical computer science is a mathematical discipline that uses mathematical methods to build and study models of processing, transmission and use of information; it creates the theoretical foundation on which the entire edifice of computer science is built. Cybernetics is the science of control in living, non-living and artificial systems. Cybernetics can be considered as applied computer science in the field of creation and use of automatic or automated control systems of varying degrees of complexity: from the control of an individual object (machine tool, industrial installation, car, etc.) to the most complex control systems for entire industries, banking systems, connections and even communities of people. Technical cybernetics is developing most actively, the results of which are used for management in industry and science. Programming is a field of activity aimed at creating individual programs and application packages, developing programming languages, creating operating systems, and organizing the interaction of computers using communication protocols. Artificial intelligence, the goal of work in the field of which is aimed at revealing the secrets of people's creative activity, their ability to master skills, knowledge and abilities. Research in the field of artificial intelligence is necessary when creating robots, creating knowledge bases and expert systems based on these knowledge bases, the use of which is also necessary in legal activities. Information systems are systems designed to store, search and provide information based on user requests. In legal activities, examples of such systems are the legal information systems “Code”, “Garant”, “Consultant”, information systems for storing and retrieving various records (fingerprint, surname, bullet file, stolen and discovered things, etc.). The task of transferring all records into electronic form and organizing access to them via a computer network is currently very relevant. Computer technology is an independent field in which some of the tasks are not directly related to computer science (microelectronics), however, in the development, design and production of computers, the achievements of computer science are most widely used. Information protection is a field of activity aimed at generalizing techniques, developing methods and means of data protection. Main directions of computer science

6 slide

Slide description:

The first “information breakthrough” was associated with the invention of writing. This led to a gigantic qualitative and quantitative leap. There is an opportunity to transfer knowledge from generation to generation. The second “information breakthrough” (mid-16th century) was caused by the invention of printing, which radically changed industrial society, its culture and organization of activities. The third “information breakthrough” (late 19th century) is associated with the advent of the telegraph, telephone, and radio, which made it possible to quickly transmit and accumulate information in any volume. Undoubtedly, this stage was due to the invention of electricity, thanks to which new progressive means of communication appeared. The fourth “information breakthrough” (70s of the XX century) is associated with the invention of microprocessor technology and the advent of the personal computer. Computers, computer networks, and data transmission systems (information communications) are created using microprocessors and integrated circuits. We are experiencing the fifth “information breakthrough” today. This stage is associated with the formation and development of cross-border global information and telecommunication networks, covering all countries and continents, penetrating into every home and simultaneously affecting each individual and huge masses of people. The most striking example of this phenomenon and the result of the fifth revolution is the Internet. The essence of this revolution is the integration in a single information space around the world of software and hardware, communications and telecommunications, information reserves or knowledge reserves as a unified information telecommunication infrastructure in which legal entities and individuals, state authorities and local governments actively operate. As a result, the speed and volume of processed information are increasing incredibly, new unique opportunities for producing, transmitting and distributing information, searching and receiving information, and new types of traditional activities in these networks appear. "Information Breakthroughs"

7 slide

Slide description:

8 slide

Slide description:

The role of information activity in modern society, its economic, social, cultural, educational spheres Computer in various spheres of human activity Robots and manipulators

The role of information in modern society

For the development of human society, material, instrumental, energy and other resources, including information, are needed. The present time is characterized by an unprecedented increase in the volume of information flows. This applies to almost any area of human activity. The greatest growth in the volume of information is observed in industry, trade, finance, banking and education. For example, in industry, the growth in the volume of information is due to an increase in production volume, the complication of manufactured products, materials used, technological equipment, and the expansion of external and internal connections of economic entities as a result of the concentration and specialization of production.

Information is one of the main, decisive factors that determines the development of technology and resources in general. In this regard, it is very important to understand not only the relationship between the development of the information industry, computerization, and information technology with the informatization process, but also to determine the level and degree of influence of the informatization process on the sphere of management and human intellectual activity.

The problems of information in general and management as an information process are given a lot of attention, due to the following objective processes:

Humanity is experiencing an information explosion. The growth of information circulating and stored in society has come into conflict with a person’s individual abilities to assimilate it;

Development of mass communication processes;

The need to develop a general theory of information;

Development of cybernetics as a management science;

Penetration of information technologies into the spheres of social life;

Research in the field of natural sciences confirms the role of information in the processes of self-organization of living and inanimate nature;

Updating the problem of sustainable development, the formation of an information economy, the main driving force of which is information potential and information resources;

The problem of the prospects for the development of humanity as an integrity makes it necessary to raise the question of the criterion of progress in modern conditions.

An important place in understanding such a concept as “information” and the mechanism of information processes in society and its institutions is occupied by the concept of the information environment, which is, on the one hand, a conductor, transformer and disseminator of information, and on the other, a source of motivation for people’s activities. In the process of his activity, a person actively interacts with the information environment, receiving new personal knowledge from it, generating new knowledge and presenting it in the form of information that he places in the information environment. Any economic entity is characterized by a certain information environment in which it is immersed. This information environment reflects the level of development of an economic entity and determines certain principles of information behavior of people in communicating with each other.

It should also be noted that the exceptional role of information in modern scientific and technological progress has led to the understanding of information as a resource as necessary and important as energy, raw materials, financial and other resources. Information has become the subject of purchase and sale, i.e. an information product that, along with information that constitutes the public domain, forms an information resource of society.

As a commodity, information cannot be alienated like material products. Its purchase and sale has a conditional meaning. When it passes to the buyer, it remains with the seller. It does not disappear during consumption.

The formation and development of the information sector, the movement of many types of information as goods influenced the formation of a special market - the information market.

Currently, the dissemination of information in the information sector of the economy is impossible to imagine without the use of new information technologies. The point in time has already passed when new information technologies were developed mainly for the internal needs of a particular organization. Now information technologies have turned into an independent and quite profitable type of business, which is aimed at satisfying the various information needs of a wide range of users.

The use of modern information technologies provides almost instantaneous connection to any electronic information arrays (such as databases, electronic reference books and encyclopedias, various operational reports, analytical reviews, legislative and regulatory acts, etc.) coming from international, regional and national information systems and using them in the interests of successful business.

As a result of the unification of various information networks, it became possible to create a global information system, the Internet, which allows information services to be provided on the principle of “always and everywhere: 365/366 days, 24 hours a day anywhere in the world.”

Thanks to the rapid development of the latest information technologies, now there is not only open access to the global flow of political, financial, scientific and technical information, but also the possibility of building a global business on the Internet has become real.

Information processes in nature, society, technology.

Human information activity.

In the modern world, the role of computer science, means of processing, transmitting, and storing information has increased immeasurably. Information science and computer technology now largely determine the scientific and technical potential of the country, the level of development of its national economy, the way of life and human activity.

For the purposeful use of information, it must be collected, transformed, transmitted, accumulated and systematized. All these processes associated with certain operations on information will be called information processes. Receiving and converting information is a necessary condition for the life of any organism. Even the simplest single-celled organisms constantly perceive and use information, for example, about the temperature and chemical composition of the environment to select the most favorable living conditions. Living beings are capable of not only perceiving information from the environment using their senses, but also exchanging it with each other.

A person also perceives information through the senses, and languages are used to exchange information between people. During the development of human society, many such languages arose. First of all, these are native languages (Russian, Tatar, English, etc.)” spoken by numerous peoples of the world. The role of language for humanity is extremely great. Without it, without the exchange of information between people, the emergence and development of society would be impossible.

Information processes are characteristic not only of wildlife, humans, and society. Humanity has created technical devices - automata, the work of which is also associated with the processes of receiving, transmitting and storing information. For example, an automatic device called a thermostat receives information about the temperature of the room and, depending on the temperature set by a person, turns on or off heating devices.

Human activity associated with the processes of receiving, transforming, accumulating and transmitting information is called information activity.

For thousands of years, the objects of human labor have been material objects. All tools from the stone ax to the first steam engine, electric motor or lathe were associated with the processing of matter, the use and transformation of energy. At the same time, humanity had to solve the problems of management, the problem of accumulating, processing and transmitting information, experience, knowledge; groups of people arise whose profession is associated exclusively with information activities. In ancient times these were, for example, military leaders, priests, chroniclers, then scientists, etc.

However, the number of people who could use information from written sources was negligible. Firstly, literacy was the privilege of an extremely limited circle of people and, secondly, ancient manuscripts were created in single (sometimes only) copies.

A new era in the development of information exchange was the invention of printing. Thanks to the printing press created by J. Gutenberg in 1440, knowledge and information became widely replicated and accessible to many people. This served as a powerful incentive for increasing the literacy of the population, developing education, science, and production.

As society developed, the circle of people whose professional activities were related to the processing and accumulation of information constantly expanded. The volume of human knowledge and experience was constantly growing, and with it the number of books, manuscripts and other written documents. There was a need to create special repositories for these documents - libraries, archives. The information contained in books and other documents had to be not just stored, but organized and systematized. This is how library classifiers, subject and alphabetical catalogs and other means of systematizing books and documents arose, and the professions of librarian and archivist appeared.

As a result of scientific and technological progress, humanity has created ever new means and methods of collecting, storing, and transmitting information. But the most important thing in information processes - processing, purposeful transformation of information - was carried out until recently exclusively by humans.

At the same time, the constant improvement of technology and production has led to a sharp increase in the volume of information with which a person has to operate in the process of his professional activity.

The development of science and education has led to a rapid increase in the volume of information and human knowledge. If at the beginning of the last century the total amount of human knowledge doubled approximately every fifty years, then in subsequent years - every five years.

The way out of this situation was the creation of computers, which greatly accelerated and automated the process of information processing.

The first electronic computer, ENIAC, was developed in the USA in 1946. In our country, the first computer was created in 1951 under the leadership of Academician V. A. Lebedev.

Currently, computers are used to process not only numerical, but also other types of information. Thanks to this, computer science and computer science have become firmly established in the life of modern people and are widely used in production, design work, business and many other industries.

Computers in production are used at all stages: from the construction of individual parts of a product, its design to assembly and sale.

The computer-aided production system (CAD) allows you to create drawings, immediately obtaining a general view of the object, and control machines for the production of parts. A flexible production system (FPS) allows you to quickly respond to changes in the market situation, quickly expand or curtail the production of a product, or replace it with another. The ease of transferring the conveyor to the production of new products makes it possible to produce many different product models. Computers allow you to quickly process information from various sensors, including from automated security, from temperature sensors to regulate energy costs for heating, from ATMs that record the spending of money by customers, from a complex tomography system that allows you to “see” the internal structure of human organs and correctly place diagnosis.

The computer is located on the desktop of a specialist in any profession. It allows you to contact any part of the world via a special computer mail, connect to the collections of large libraries without leaving your home, use powerful information systems - encyclopedias, study new sciences and acquire various skills with the help of training programs and simulators. He helps the fashion designer to develop patterns, the publisher to arrange text and illustrations, the artist to create new paintings, and the composer to create music. An expensive experiment can be completely calculated and simulated on a computer.

The development of methods and techniques for presenting information, technology for solving problems using computers, has become an important aspect of the activities of people in many professions.

The concept of Russia's movement into the information society Introduction: the formation of a global information society –

In the last decade, Russia has been making several fundamental transitions - the transition from a totalitarian to an open democratic society, from a state planned economy to a market economy, from an industrial society to an information society. The attention of the Russian press, politicians and the public is focused mainly on the first two transitions, which caused dramatic changes in the country and significantly changed living conditions and economic activity. Political documents at various levels practically do not address the issues of transition to the information society. At the same time, this transition, which other countries are making today, significantly affects the civilizational foundations of life for all humanity and poses an equally serious challenge to the individual, corporation and state in terms of adaptation and development of an adequate strategy of behavior. According to the famous Spanish-American sociologist M. Castells, the transition to an information society is decisive for Russia; it cannot be postponed until the remaining transitions are finally completed. Moreover, without its successful implementation it is impossible to solve the main task of Russian reforms - entry into the community of economically developed democratic states as a full participant. The purpose of the proposed document is to formulate the conceptual foundations of the strategy for Russia's movement into the information society.

1.1.The essence of the information society

Four internally related fundamental features of the emerging information society can be identified:

1. A change in the role of information and knowledge in the life of society, expressed, first of all, in an unprecedented increase in the information saturation of economic, managerial and other spheres of activity, in the transformation of information and knowledge into the most important resource of socio-economic development.
2. Transformation of the information industry into the most dynamic, profitable and prestigious sphere of production, which ensures the leading role of individual countries and cities in the global economic system.
3. The emergence of a developed market infrastructure for the consumption of information and information services and, in particular, the widespread introduction of ICT in various spheres of life, not only in professional, but also in everyday life.
4. Profound changes in models of social organization and cooperation, when in all spheres of society centralized hierarchical structures are replaced by flexible network types of organization, adapted to rapid change and innovative development.

The key trend is the consistent increase in the role of information and knowledge in modern society. Information and knowledge are becoming an increasingly important factor of production, the driving force of economic development and prosperity of society. Based precisely on this feature of modern society, many researchers call it an “information society” (Y. Masuda, D. Bell, O. Toffler) or a “knowledge society” (P. Drucker), or a society based on the “information economy” or "economy of knowledge" (M. Porat). In the information society, economic success increasingly depends on the presence and effectiveness of a national, regional, local or corporate system of innovation (M. Porter) and an established system of continuing education.

Several factors are driving the changes:

· The close connection between science and technical developments, which finally took shape somewhere in the middle of the twentieth century, entailed a sharp increase in production dynamics and the emergence of high-tech technologies.
· Globalization of all changes occurring in society, when events that are geographically very distant from each other turn out to be links in one chain, thereby losing their seemingly local character.
· The colossal complication of all economic, political, military activities of mankind and the formation of complex systems here, which brought to the fore the problems of management and its information support, giving rise not only to such fields of knowledge as cybernetics, systems analysis, operations research, but also a new worldview, in within which the world is perceived through the prism of information processes.
· The development of new information and communication technologies, the widespread introduction of which into all spheres of human life has led to their serious restructuring and the emergence of such new forms of social and economic activity as e-commerce, telework, distance education, telemedicine and electronic democracy.

For the first time in a fairly clear form, the idea of the information society was formulated in the late 60s - early 70s of our century. The invention of the term “information society” is attributed to the professor of the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yu. Hayashi. In the 70s, the convergence of two almost simultaneously emerging ideologies began - the information society and post-industrialism. Today, many scientists, following the famous sociologists and philosophers D. Bell and O. Toffler, believe that human civilization, after the agricultural and industrial stage of development, is entering a new one - information. According to D. Bell, “information society” is a new name for post-industrial society, emphasizing not its position in the sequence of stages of social development (after industrial society), but the basis for determining its social structure - information.

Until now, despite the widespread use of the term “information society,” scientists and specialists have not yet come to a common understanding of its basic content. There are a number of definitions that highlight certain real features and trends of modern society.

For example, there is an obvious tendency to increase the share of information processing workers in the employment structure in developed countries. According to calculations by S. Barley, by the beginning of the 21st century, the share of Americans whose work is mainly associated with physical labor in the production or service sector (agricultural workers, artisans, mechanics, hotel workers, retailers, hairdressers, etc.) will decrease from 83% in 1900 to approximately 41%. The share of those who work mainly with information will increase from 17% to 59%. Similar changes are taking place in other countries. That is why one of the most common definitions of the information society is this: an information society is a society in which more people are engaged in processing information than in processing raw materials.

From the point of view of the American economist T. Stewart, the information age began in 1991, when for the first time American companies spent more on acquiring information technology necessary for manipulating information (computers and telecommunications equipment) than on industrial equipment intended for various types of operations with material objects (engines, turbines, machine tools and mechanisms, machines, etc.).

The focus of many works is on the rapid development of information and communication technologies and their increasing use in all spheres of economic and social life. ICTs have significantly changed the way we learn, work, engage in social activities and play in recent years. Moreover, digital technologies are actively penetrating traditional technologies, changing their capabilities and areas of use. All this allows us to talk about the computer, telecommunications or microelectronic revolution (D.E. Saychel, T. Forester) and consider the information society to be a society of information technologies.

The restructuring of the global economy, which began in the mid-1970s, led to a change in the dominant form of enterprise organizational structure and inter-firm cooperation. The purpose of organizational change was to adapt to the sharply increased pace of change in the economic, institutional and technological environment of firms. The general direction of change is the transition from vertical hierarchical structures to flexible network forms of organization, and networks have become the formative basis of both the internal organization of a modern corporation and its interaction with partners (intercompany networks, corporate strategic alliances, etc.). Similar organizational changes are taking place in the service sector, administrative bodies and other areas of activity. The development of ICT stimulated the changes taking place and made it possible to identify all the advantages of a new form of social organization, although organizational changes arose and developed initially independently of technological development. For its part, the development of telecommunications infrastructure, and, above all, the Internet, has led to the fact that more and more transactions in the modern economy and society are carried out using computer networks. The Internet is becoming a global environment for communication, work and leisure. Global revenues from e-commerce are growing rapidly, amounting to 185 billion USD in 2000; in 2001, according to forecasts, they will increase to 336.2 billion, in 2002 - to 684.3 billion, and in 2003 reached 1.26 trillion. USD. These trends allow many specialists to speak of the information society as a “network society”, and to define the modern economy as a “network”.

Over the past 20 years, the “information society” has been the focus of many policy documents at the regional, national and international levels. In a political context, the information society is seen as a political goal and is defined through its capabilities and advantages.

Created in May 1995 with the aim of analyzing the social aspects of the information society, a group of experts of the Commission of the European Communities, which included leading experts from almost all countries of the European Union, defined the information society as a global society in which the exchange of information will have neither temporal nor spatial , no political boundaries;

which, on the one hand, promotes the interpenetration of cultures, and on the other, opens up new opportunities for each community to self-identify and develop its own unique culture.

In addition, this is a knowledge society, in which the main condition for the well-being of every person and every state is knowledge obtained through unhindered access to information and the ability to work with it. The knowledge society is evolving into a wisdom society, where, with the help of scientific processing of data and information, scientific support for knowledge, well-thought-out and informed decisions will be made.

1.2. Opportunities and risks of the information society

Today, the close connection between education, training and development is clearly defined, so effective access to education and continuous learning is becoming a key factor for any industry, organization or company. In many countries, the deployment of a mass system of high-quality distance learning and education, not limited by age, and a system of continuous training is becoming a reality.

Another opportunity provided by the information society is a qualitative improvement in the health care system. New ICTs make preventive information widely available and create the basis for any patient, no matter where he lives, to receive regular medical consultations. They are making “telemedicine” a reality, drawing on national and global information resources.

In the information society, “telework” is becoming commonplace, which can radically solve the problem of employment, including for people with disabilities, which can help solve one of the most difficult social problems. In addition, with the massive spread of telework, hopes are associated with solving such an acute problem of large cities as overloading the transport system and air pollution from exhaust gases.

Information becomes a real social resource - after all, in fact, only it can help a person adapt to life in conditions of uncertainty, adapt to constant changes, and develop new behavioral stereotypes that correspond to new circumstances. For a person of the information age, the unity of the world is no longer a theoretical or ideological abstraction, but a fact of his everyday life. By “compressing space,” the information society dramatically expands a person’s ability to choose where and under what conditions to work, from whom and at what prices to buy certain goods and services, makes sellers more dependent on consumers, and significantly complicates the lives of monopolists, unscrupulous employers and producers .

The use of satellites, live radio and television to transmit information has a massive impact on the formation of public opinion around the world. The emergence and improvement of multimedia, video conferencing and artificial intelligence greatly expand the possibilities for transmitting information, and, therefore, disseminating and exchanging knowledge.

The most important feature of the information society is the shift in emphasis in production from the use of materials to the production of information and the provision of services, which entails a significant reduction in the extraction and processing of raw materials and energy consumption. The predominant development of the “tertiary” sector of the economy - the provision of services - leads to a significant change in the share of economic sectors in the formation of the gross national product. In a number of European countries, more than half of the turnover in the information industry comes from the creation of information products and technologies, and only 45% from the production of equipment; In the communications industry, the gap is even more radical: 80% are telecommunications services and only 20% are the production of communications media.

Realizing all the advantages of the information society, one cannot, however, fail to recognize that it brings with it not only new solutions and opportunities, but also new problems and risks.

One of the objective processes that the modern world is forced to reckon with is globalization, generated by the explosive development of ICT, the creation of planetary networks, the triumph of the market economy, the liberalization of international trade, and the development of transport. One way or another, all this leads to the blurring of national and political boundaries and to the acceleration of the pace of industrialization and unification of cultures - partly due to the formation of global conglomerates in the field of information, telecommunications and leisure.

Globalization forces entrepreneurs to enter into fierce competition, as a result of which the truly strongest survive, who then gain greater real power, begin to wipe out new players from the market and do not allow the weak to enter it at all.

In the conditions of intensive use of global networks, new forms of cultural aggression arise on the part of the most developed countries against less developed ones, there is a danger of entire communities losing their cultural and national identity, including linguistic identity, and consumer preferences and tastes are being imposed on humanity in the interests of a narrow group of transnational companies. manufacturers.

The main danger is that the increasing globalization of production and the mobility of global corporations could adversely affect environmental policies, as well as labor rights and social protection - on a global scale. The real alarm bell is the loss of jobs in ICT-related companies in the most developed countries.

The increasing spread of “screen” culture, the inevitability of a collision with virtual reality, in which illusion and reality are difficult to distinguish, create some psychological (and even mental) problems. As the volume of information increases, it becomes more difficult for people to navigate its content and protect themselves from its excess.

In the conditions of the existence of open, easily accessible and easily populated information networks, the problem of limiting information that is considered socially and economically dangerous, the problem of the security of personal and other types of data, the problem of observing copyrights and the rights of producers of electronic information arise.

The development and widespread use of ICT has led to the emergence of another dimension of poverty, the so-called “information poverty”. This concept reflects the growth of social differentiation of the population according to a new principle - the principle of access to modern ICT, when only part of the population gains access to new technologies and information resources and can realize this advantage.

Thanks to the acceleration of technological innovation, the involvement of industrial capital and competition, new network technology and infrastructure are becoming much cheaper and therefore more accessible to more and more people. As for access to information distributed through them, this remains one of the most difficult problems. The cost of information services may be a factor in widening the gap between those who can and cannot afford to receive and disseminate information for many years to come.

The following questions remain unanswered:

What is the role of infrastructure owners, software vendors, authors, publishers, governments and international organizations in the widespread dissemination of information to populations or countries where access to information resources is limited?
How to strike a balance between low-cost or free information disseminated to a wide range of users by governments and international organizations, and intelligent information products that enable effective access to knowledge and effective decision-making?

Solving these and other problems of the development of the information society requires serious efforts by specialists of various profiles. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account that the methods of countering all of the above and other dangers of the information age lie not in the area of fencing oneself off from the global information society, but in the area of developing one’s own full participation in its formation.

1.3. The need to develop movement programs

to the information society

Like any other, the information society is imperfect, and ICTs are neutral - the consequences of their use depend entirely on value attitudes and political decisions. Realizing the opportunities of the information society is a matter of adequate policy and timely management decisions.

The significance of the changes taking place today is well understood by the leading countries of the world. They make strategic investments in the development of ICT, information infrastructure, in building up information resources, in studying the economic and social features of the information society. For more than 20 years, the “information society” has been the subject of program developments at the national, international and regional levels, the main goal of which is to ensure maximum benefit from the transition to the information society and counter the risks and negative consequences. Developed countries have already adopted third-generation documents that summarize intermediate results and set new goals. The most serious importance is attached to these problems in the G7 countries, which Russia once joined.

Despite extensive experience in addressing issues of informatization, Russia has been delayed in developing modern programs that take into account the problems of the information society.

Okinawa Charter for the Global Information Society

1. Information and communication technologies (IT) are one of the most important factors influencing the formation of twenty-first century society. Their revolutionary impact concerns the way people live, their education and work, and the interaction between government and civil society. IT is quickly becoming a vital driver of the global economy. They also enable all individuals, firms and communities engaged in business to solve economic and social problems more effectively and creatively. Huge opportunities are opening up for all of us.
2.The essence of IT-enabled economic and social transformation lies in its ability to help people and society harness knowledge and ideas. The information society, as we imagine it, allows people to make greater use of their potential and realize their aspirations. To do this, we must ensure that IT serves the mutually reinforcing goals of achieving sustainable economic growth, enhancing social welfare, promoting social cohesion and realizing its full potential to enhance democracy, transparent and responsible governance of international peace and stability. Achieving these goals and addressing emerging challenges will require the development of effective national and international strategies.
3.As we strive to achieve these goals, we reaffirm our commitment to the principle of participation in this process: all people everywhere, without exception, should be able to benefit from the benefits of the global information society. The sustainability of the global information society is based on democratic values that stimulate human development, such as the free exchange of information and knowledge, mutual tolerance and respect for the characteristics of other people.
4.We will provide leadership in advancing government efforts to strengthen appropriate policies and regulations that encourage competition and innovation, ensure economic and financial stability, promote cooperation to optimize global networks, combat abuses that undermine network integrity, and reduce the digital divide. technology, investing in people and ensuring global access and participation in this process.
5.This Charter is first and foremost a call to everyone, in both the public and private sectors, to close the international knowledge information gap. A solid framework of IT policy and action can transform the way we work to advance social and economic progress around the world. Effective partnerships among participants, including joint political cooperation, are also a key element for the sound development of the information society.

Harnessing the power of digital technology

6.The potential benefits of IT in stimulating competition, promoting production expansion, and creating and sustaining economic growth and employment are significant. Our mission is not only to stimulate and facilitate the transition to an information society, but also to realize its full economic, social and cultural benefits. To achieve these goals, it is important to build work in the following key areas:

carrying out economic and structural reforms to create an environment of openness, efficiency, competition and innovation, complemented by measures to adapt labor markets, develop human resources and ensure social cohesion;
sound macroeconomic management that promotes more accurate planning by business and consumers and takes advantage of new information technologies;
· development of information networks that provide fast, reliable, secure and economical access, through competitive market conditions and appropriate innovations, to network technologies, their maintenance and application;
developing a human resource capable of meeting the demands of the Information Age through education and lifelong learning and meeting the growing demand for IT professionals in many sectors of our economy;
active use of IT in the public sector and facilitating the provision of real-time services necessary to increase the level of access to government for all citizens.

7.The private sector plays a vital role in the development of information and communication networks in the information society. However, the task of creating predictable, transparent and non-discriminatory policies and regulations necessary for the information society lies with governments. We need to ensure that IT-related rules of procedure are consistent with fundamental changes in economic transactions, taking into account the principles of effective public-private partnerships, transparency and technology neutrality. Such rules should be predictable and promote business and consumer confidence. In order to maximize the social and economic benefits of the information society, we agree with and recommend the following basic principles and approaches:

Continue to promote competition and open markets for information technology and telecommunications products and services, including non-discriminatory and cost-based connectivity to mainstream telecommunications;

Protection of intellectual property rights to information technologies is important for promoting IT-related innovations, developing competition and widespread adoption of new technologies; we welcome the joint work of government officials on the protection of intellectual property and instruct our experts to discuss further directions of work in this area;

It is also important to reaffirm governments' commitment to using only licensed software;

A number of services, including telecommunications, transport, parcel delivery, are essential to the information society and economies; increasing their efficiency and competitiveness will expand the benefits of the information society; customs and forwarding procedures are also important for the development of information structures;

Promoting cross-border e-commerce by promoting further liberalization, improving networks and related services and procedures within the context of the strict framework of the World Trade Organization (WTO), continuing work on e-commerce in the WTO and other international forums, and applying existing WTO trade rules to e-commerce;

Consistent approaches to the taxation of e-commerce, based on conventional principles, including non-discrimination, equity, simplification and other key elements agreed in the context of the work of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD);

Continuation of the practice of exempting electronic transfers from customs duties until it is considered again at the next WTO ministerial conference;

Promoting market standards, including, for example, technical interoperability standards;

Increasing consumer confidence in electronic markets in line with OECD guidelines, including through effective self-regulatory initiatives such as codes of conduct, labeling and other assurance programs, and exploring options to address the difficulties consumers experience in cross-border disputes, including the use of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms;

Developing an effective and meaningful mechanism for protecting consumer privacy, as well as protecting privacy in the processing of personal data, while ensuring the free flow of information, as well as;

Further development and effective functioning of electronic identification, electronic signature, cryptography and other means of ensuring the security and reliability of transactions.

8.The efforts of the international community aimed at developing a global information society must be accompanied by concerted efforts to create a safe and crime-free cyberspace. We must ensure that effective measures are implemented - as set out in the OECD Information Systems Security Guidelines - in the fight against computer crime. Cooperation between the G8 countries will be expanded within the framework of the Lyon Group on Transnational Organized Crime. We will continue to promote dialogue with industry, building on the success achieved at the recent G8 Paris Conference on Government-Industry Dialogue on Security and Trust in Cyberspace. It is also necessary to find effective policy solutions to current problems, such as unauthorized access attempts and computer viruses. We will continue to engage industry and other intermediaries to protect critical information infrastructures.

Bridging the digital divide

9.The issue of bridging the digital divide within and between states has taken an important place in our national discussions. Every person should be able to access information and communication networks. We reaffirm our commitment to ongoing efforts to develop and implement a coherent strategy to address this issue. We also welcome that both industry and civil society are increasingly recognizing the need to bridge this gap. Mobilizing our knowledge and resources in this area is a necessary condition for resolving this problem. We will continue to strive for effective cooperation between governments and civil society, responsive to the rapid pace of technological and market developments.
10. A key component of our strategy must be continued progress towards universal access for all. We will continue to:

promote the establishment of favorable market conditions necessary for the provision of communications services to the population;
explore additional opportunities, including access through institutions open to the general public;
give priority to improving network access, especially in backward urban, rural and remote areas;
pay special attention to the needs and opportunities of people enjoying less social protection, people with limited working capacity, as well as older citizens, and actively implement measures aimed at providing them with easier access;
· Promote the further development of “user-friendly”, “seamless” technologies, including mobile Internet access, as well as the increased use of free, publicly available content and open-source software, while respecting intellectual property rights.

11.The strategy for the development of the information society must be accompanied by the development of human resources, the capabilities of which would meet the requirements of the information age. We are committed to providing all citizens with the opportunity to learn and gain IT skills through education, lifelong learning and training. We will continue to strive to achieve this ambitious goal by providing schools, classrooms and libraries with real-time computing equipment and teachers with IT and multimedia skills. In addition, we will implement measures to support and stimulate small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as the self-employed, by providing them with the opportunity to connect to the Internet and use it effectively. We will also encourage the use of IT to provide citizens with lifelong learning opportunities using best practices, especially for those who would otherwise not have access to education and training.

Promoting inclusive participation

12.IT offers great opportunities for developing countries. Countries that succeed in channeling their potential can hope to overcome the traditional barriers to infrastructure development, better address their pressing development challenges such as poverty reduction, health, sanitation and education, and use benefits from the rapid growth of global e-commerce. Some developing countries have already made significant progress in these areas.
13.Nevertheless, we should not underestimate the global challenge associated with overcoming existing differences in the field of information and knowledge. We appreciate the attention that many developing countries are paying to this problem. In reality, all those developing countries that do not keep up with the faster pace of IT development find themselves unable to fully participate in the information society and economy. This issue is especially acute in countries where the spread of IT is hampered by lags in the development of basic economic and social infrastructures, in particular the energy sector, telecommunications and education.
14.We recognize that addressing this issue must take into account the diversity of conditions and needs that exist in developing countries. There can be no “equalizing” solution here. And this in turn speaks to the important role that developing countries must play by putting forward their own initiatives to adopt coherent national programs in order to implement policies aimed at supporting IT development and competition in this area, as well as creating a regulatory framework for the use of IT to address development and social challenges, develop human resources with IT skills and encourage local initiatives and local entrepreneurship.

Further development

15.Efforts to overcome international fragmentation depend critically on effective cooperation among all participants. Bilateral and multilateral cooperation will continue to play an important role in creating framework conditions for IT development. International financial institutions, including multilateral development banks (MDBs), especially the World Bank, are well suited for this purpose and can design and implement programs that will promote growth and poverty reduction, as well as increase connectivity, access and learning.
The International Telecommunications Network, UNCTAD and UNDP and other relevant international funds can also play an important role. The role of the private sector in promoting IT in developing countries remains central. It can also significantly contribute to international efforts to bridge the digital divide. NGOs, which are uniquely positioned to communicate ideas to the public, can also contribute to the development of human and community resources. IT is global in nature and requires a global approach.
17.As noted in the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) Ministerial Declaration on the Role of Information Technology in the Knowledge-Based Global Economy, there is a need for increased international dialogue and cooperation to improve the effectiveness of information technology programs and projects. technology with developing countries and bring together “best practices” and mobilize the resources of all actors to help bridge the digital divide. The G8 will continue to promote stronger partnerships between developed and developing countries, civil society, including local firms and NGOs, foundations and educational institutions, and international organizations. We will also work to ensure that developing countries, in partnership with others, can receive financial, technical and policy support to create an enabling climate for the use of information technology.
18.We have agreed to establish an Information Technology Capability Group (IOT Group) to join our efforts to develop a broad international approach. A DOT group will be convened as soon as possible to explore the best options for involving all participants in the work. This high-level group, in close consultation with other partners and responsive to the needs of developing countries, will:

actively promote dialogue with developing countries, international organizations and other actors to promote international cooperation to shape policy, regulatory and networking, as well as improve technical interoperability, expand access, reduce costs, strengthen human capacity, and encourage participation in global electronic networks trade;
encourage the G8's own efforts to collaborate on pilot programs and IT projects;
· promote closer political dialogue between partners and work to ensure that the world community is more aware of the challenges and opportunities it faces;
explore how the private sector and other interest groups, such as the Global Digital Divide Initiative, are contributing;
submit a report on the results of the work to our personal representatives before the next meeting in Genoa.

19To achieve these objectives, the group will seek to take specific actions in the following priority areas:

formation of political, regulatory and network support:

Support policy advice and strengthen local capacity to promote pro-competition, responsive and socially sensitive policies and regulations;

Promoting the exchange of experience between developing countries and other partners;

Promoting more effective and widespread use of IT in development, including broad areas such as poverty reduction, education, health and culture;

Improving governance, including exploring new methods for integrated policy development;

Supporting the efforts of MDBs and other international organizations to pool intellectual and financial resources in the context of cooperation programs such as the InfoDev program;

improving technical compatibility, expanding access and reducing costs:

Mobilizing resources to improve information and communications infrastructure, emphasizing a “partnership” approach from governments, international organizations, the private sector and NGOs;

Finding ways to reduce costs for developing countries in ensuring technical compatibility;

Supporting local access programs;

Encouraging technological research and applied developments in accordance with the specific needs of developing countries;

Improved interaction between networks, services and application systems;

Encouraging the production of modern information and content products, including expanding the volume of information in native languages.

strengthening human potential:

Increased emphasis on basic education as well as enhanced lifelong learning opportunities with a focus on developing IT skills;

Promoting the training of specialists in IT and other relevant areas, as well as in the regulatory field;

Developing innovative approaches to expand traditional technical assistance, including distance learning and local training;

Creation of a network of government agencies and institutes, including schools, research centers and universities.

Encouraging participation in global e-commerce networks:

Assessing and expanding the use of e-commerce through business start-up advice in developing countries and by mobilizing resources to help entrepreneurs use IT to improve their business efficiency and expand access to new markets;

Ensuring that the emerging “rules of the game” are consistent with development efforts and strengthening the ability of developing countries to play a constructive role in defining those rules.

Safety precautions in the computer lab

General provisions:

Students who are familiar with these instructions are allowed to work in the computer lab.

Students are allowed to be in the computer lab only in the presence of a teacher (laboratory assistant).

During classes, unauthorized persons may be in the classroom only with the permission of the teacher.

During breaks, the computer room is ventilated, with students required to leave the classroom.

Each student is responsible for the condition of his/her workplace and the safety of the equipment placed on it.

Before starting work you must:

Place bags on a specially provided rack to the right of the front door.

Make sure there is no visible damage in the workplace. If there are any, immediately inform the teacher about it.

Place only a notebook, pen and study guide on the table (so that they do not interfere with working on the computer).

Take the correct working position, i.e. sit so that your line of sight is in the center of the screen so that you can use the keyboard without bending over.

Begin work only as directed by your teacher.

During operation:

Press the keys smoothly, avoiding sudden impacts;

Do not use the keyboard unless the computer is turned on;

Do not work at the computer in low light; when you feel unwell;

Do not get up from your seats when visitors enter the office.

While in the computer lab, students are required to:

Maintain silence and order.

Fulfill the requirements of the teacher and laboratory assistant.

If you feel unwell (if there is pain in the eyes, a sharp deterioration in visibility, the inability to focus or sharpen your gaze, pain in the fingers and hands, increased heartbeat), inform the teacher.

After finishing work, close all active programs.

Leave your work area clean.

When working at a computer, you must follow the following rules:

Work at a distance of 60-70 cm, at least 50 cm is acceptable, maintaining the correct posture, without slouching or bending over.

The back is straight, the shoulders are lowered and relaxed.

Feet are on the floor and not crossed.

Elbow, hip, knee, ankle joints at right angles.

When working in a computer class, it is strictly prohibited:

Get up from your seat without the permission of the teacher.

Wear outer, dirty or wet clothing.

Operate the keyboard with dirty or wet hands.

Bring food, drink, chewing gum.

Connect or disconnect cables, touch connectors, wires and sockets.

Move computers and monitors without permission from the teacher.

Turn the computer on and off without the permission of the teacher.

Try to troubleshoot equipment malfunctions yourself.

Block the ventilation holes on the system unit and monitor.

Hitting the keyboard, pressing keys aimlessly.

Place books, notebooks and other things on the keyboard, monitor and system unit.

Delete and move other people's files; run files in other people's folders.

Launch computer games.

Safety requirements in emergency situations:

If software errors or equipment failures occur, you should contact your teacher (laboratory assistant).

If a burning smell or unusual sound appears, stop work immediately and inform the teacher (laboratory assistant).

In the event of a fire, there is a fire extinguisher in the office to extinguish electrical appliances.

Introduction

The role of information activity in modern society

Basic Concepts. Information activities. Computer science. Information Technology. Computer, its capabilities and areas of application.

Computer science defines the scope of human activity associated with the processes of storing, converting and transmitting information using a computer. This activity is called informational. The core of computer science is information technology.

Information Technology is a set of methods and devices used by people to process information. The computer, computer networks and their software are the foundation of modern information technologies.

Initially, the computer was created to automate calculations. Currently, computers are used to process not only numerical, but also other types of information.

Today, the computer is both an assistant in business, and a source of the latest news from the World Wide Web - the Internet, and a means of mobile communication, which allows, for example, using e-mail to quickly transmit and receive information.

Computers in production are used at all stages: from the construction of individual parts of a product, its design to assembly and sale. The computer-aided design (CAD) system allows you to create drawings, immediately obtaining a general view of the object, and control machines for the production of parts. A flexible production system (FPS) allows you to quickly respond to changes in the market situation, quickly expand or curtail the production of a product, or replace it with another. The ease of transferring the conveyor to the production of new products makes it possible to produce many different product models. Computers make it possible to quickly process information from various sensors, including from automated security, from temperature sensors to regulate energy costs for heating, from ATMs that record the spending of money by customers, from a complex tomography system that allows you to “see” the internal structure of human organs and correctly place diagnosis.

The development of methods and techniques for presenting information, technology for solving problems using computers, has become an important aspect of the activities of people in many professions.

Thanks to all of the above, computer science and computer science have become firmly established in the life of modern people and are widely used in production, design work, business and many other industries. The process of informatization of society has begun.

Informatization of society is a process by which conditions are created that satisfy the needs of any person to obtain the necessary information

Conclusion. In the modern world, the role of computer science, means of processing, transmitting, and storing information has increased immeasurably. Information science and computer technology now largely determine the scientific and technical potential of the country, the level of development of its national economy, the way of life and human activity.

Control questions

· What is human information activity?

· Define the concept of “information technology”

· What is the foundation of modern information technologies.

· For what purposes was the computer originally created?

· What functions can a computer perform today?

· Areas of application of computers in modern society.

For the development of human society, material, instrumental, energy and other resources, including information, are needed

Thanks to the rapid development of new information technologies, not only is there now open access to the global flow of political, financial, scientific and technical information, but also the possibility of building a global business on the Internet has become real.

Data transmission channels A person constantly has to participate in the process of transmitting information. Transfer can occur during direct conversation between people, through correspondence, using technical means of communication: telephone, radio, television, etc. Such means of communication are called information transmission channels.

Biological information channels are human sensory organs. There are five of them: vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch. According to the way a person perceives information, it can be visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, gustatory, muscular and vestibular.

The process of information transfer is always two-way: there is a source and there is a receiver of information. The source transmits (sends) information, and the receiver receives (perceives) it. Each person constantly moves from the role of a source to the role of a receiver of information. A person has to process information almost continuously

Human speech and writing are closely related to the concept of language. Language is a sign system for representing information and exchanging information.

Smells, taste and tactile sensations cannot be reduced to any signs and cannot be conveyed using signs. Of course, they carry information, since we remember them and recognize them. Such information is called figurative information. Figurative information also includes information perceived through vision and hearing, but not reduced to languages (the sound of the wind, birdsong, pictures of nature, painting).

Although information is associated with a material medium, and its transmission involves energy costs, the same information can be stored on various material media (on paper, in the form of a photograph, on magnetic tape) and transmitted with different energy costs (by mail, by telephone) , with courier, etc.).

Scientific and technological progress has offered society a computer (electronic computer, computer) as a means for storing, processing and transmitting information.