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Television creator. How television was created. TVs in the USSR

In the famous Soviet film "Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears", one of the characters passionately convinced his interlocutors that in the 20th century television would supplant and replace theaters, radio and cinema. Fortunately, the unfortunate television man was wrong. But it is worth recognizing that at the end of the last century, television literally enslaved millions of people all over the Earth, "chaining" them to the notorious "blue screen". However, today's essay is not an angry rebuke from TV, but a historical review that will tell about the origin, formation and development of television. About the time when the screen glowed not blue, but a completely different light ...

From Pantotelegraph to Telescope

Perhaps the first practical transmission of an image over a distance by wire was carried out by the Italian Giovanni Caselli, who worked in the Russian Empire. Using the principle of the "facsimile telegram" founded by the Scotsman Alexander Bain in 1842, Coselli introduced the "chemical telegraph" twenty years later. With the help of a new type of telegraph, it was possible to transmit text or a drawing over wires. The novelty was called "pantotelegraph Coselli", it was tested on the telegraph line St. Petersburg - Moscow. The device really worked, but at the same time everyone clearly saw that the game was not worth the candle. It turns out that the image for transmission by "Coselli pantotelegraph" first had to be etched on a copper plate, and at the reception point such a plate had to be subjected to chemical treatment, which takes a lot of time. The presence of a railway linking the two Russian capitals made it possible to transport any picture at about the same time as by means of the "chemical telegraph", and without any chemistry.

As you can see, in the second half of the 19th century, the idea of transmitting an image over distances did not seem either seditious or hopeless. Already in 1879, the English physicist William Crookes designed the world's first cathode ray tube (later, in 1895, it was improved by the German physicist Karl Braun (Karl Ferdinand Braun), presenting a cathode ray tube; he even received an image as a single fixed point). Crookes also discovered phosphors - substances that glow when exposed to cathode rays. Subsequently, it was found that the strength of phosphor irradiation directly affects the brightness of their glow. And in 1897, English physicist Joseph John Thomson proved that cathode rays are a stream of electrons. In 1880, the Russian scientist Porfiry Ivanovich Bakhmetiev, who worked in the fields of biology and physics, theoretically substantiated the possibility of the functioning of a television system, which the scientist called the "telephotographer". Bakhmetyev did not build the device, but it was he who formulated one of the most fundamental principles of television - the decomposition of a picture into discrete elements for their sequential sending to a distance. It is worth noting that, regardless of Bakhmetiev, a similar idea was voiced by the Portuguese Adriano de Paiva (in the brochure "Electric Telescope"). In 1887, another significant event takes place - the German physicist Heinrich Hertz (Heinrich Rudolf Hertz) discovered the phenomenon of the photoelectric effect, when electrons escape from a substance under the influence of light. Hertz himself failed to explain what he saw, but the Russian scientist Alexander Stoletov in February 1888 successfully demonstrated the effect of light on electricity. He also created the "electric eye" - the "grandfather" of modern photocells. Stoletov's successes paved the way for converting light energy into electrical energy.

A great contribution to the development of television was made by the German inventor Paul Nipkow (Paul Julius Gottlieb Nipkow). It was he who in 1884 patented the "electric telescope" (later known as the "Nipkow disk"), which would then be widely used in mechanical television. This disc had a series of small holes arranged in an Archimedes spiral. The light entering through the holes hit a photoelectric cell installed opposite, which turned the light into electrical signals. The decomposition of the image occurred due to the rotation of the disk. The receiver worked in the opposite direction. The received (and amplified) signals went to a neon lamp, in front of which was placed a "Nipkow disk", exactly the same as the one in the transmission device. The fast rotation of the disk allowed the viewer to see the whole picture. It is curious that Nipkow, having created his disc as a student, was very surprised when in 1923 he saw his invention at work at the international exhibition of radio equipment. And two years later, Swedish engineer John Baird (John Logie Baird) for the first time was able to convey recognizable human faces. He was also the creator of the first television system that transmits a moving picture.

The most widely used mechanical TV with a decomposition of 30 lines. For example, in the Soviet Union since 1935 at the plant. Kozitsky produced 30-line B-2 TVs of the A. Ya. Breitbart system. A neon lamp 30x40 mm in size was used as the B-2 screen.

The very first TV show

The above-mentioned discoveries were used to some extent by Boris Lvovich Rosing, a teacher at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology, when creating the first television screen. In 1907, Rosing proposed the idea that Brown's improved cathode ray tube should be used to convert electrical signals into luminous dots in an image. Rosing created such a tube, where the cathode ray (electron flux), caused by the photoelectric effect, "bombards" its end, covered from the inside with a layer of a substance that has the ability to glow under the influence of the cathode ray. It is curious that the scanning of the image in the Rosing apparatus was carried out without the use of an optical-mechanical device, which would become customary for electronic television systems only at the end of the 30s of the twentieth century.

In May 1911, Rosing managed to show a real television image on the glass screen of a cathode ray tube. The transmitted picture was an image of a grating placed in front of the transmitter lens. The receiving Rosing tube (with magnetic beam deflection) had a cathode, an anode, a luminescent screen and a diaphragm, which makes it possible to call it the "father" of modern kinescopes. Rosing's merits were duly appreciated by the scientific world - the Russian technical society awarded him in 1912 a gold medal and a prize named after an honorary member of the society K. F. Siemens. A year earlier, Rosing received "Privilege No. 18076" on his electronic television. Rosing's article "Electric Telescope (Vision at a Distance). Immediate Tasks and Achievements" published in 1926 in the journal "Science and Technology" (No. 1) became a kind of summing up. In general, Russian and then Soviet scientists made a significant contribution to the development of television, and these names should be remembered. So, in the mid-20s of the last century, Lev Sergeevich Termen proposed a system of "vision over a long distance", which, however, was classified and began to be used as video surveillance. It did not reach the border troops (where the system was intended to be installed), however, a fully working receiver was installed in the office of the People's Commissar of the Navy K. E. Voroshilov. The transmitter in the courtyard of the people's commissariat transmitted to the receiver images of people whose faces could be easily recognized. And an inventor from Tashkent, Boris Pavlovich Grabovsky, created a "telephoto" capable of transmitting an image several meters (and then much further). True, the picture was of poor quality.

Mechanical vs Electronic

By the beginning of the 1930s, the Soviet leadership decided to keep a low-line mechanical television equipped with a "Nipkow disk" that would be accessible to the masses. In 1930, on the basis of the All-Union Electrotechnical Institute, a television laboratory was formed, headed by Pavel Vasilyevich Shmakov. Here the development and creation of transmitting and receiving devices for mechanical television with the "Nipkow disk" began. The system made it possible to obtain an image with a decomposition into 30 lines (1200 elements, taking into account the aspect ratio of the frame 3x4). The electrical signals transmitting the picture and sound were transmitted separately, therefore, the reception of a television program required two radio receivers (one had to have a set-top box). The conversion of electrical signals into light signals was "assigned" to a neon lamp, which caused the screen of a mechanical TV to emit pink light.

On April 30, 1931, the Pravda newspaper published a message: “Tomorrow, for the first time in the USSR, an experimental transmission of television (long-range vision) by radio will be carried out. and photographs." And indeed, during the TV show, the audience could see the laboratory staff and photographs. The picture was not accompanied by sound. A capable student of Rosing, Vladimir Zworykin (a Russian emigrant, originally from Murom) showed in 1933 in the USA a transmitting electronic tube - an iconoscope. This invention predetermined the development of electronic television for many years. Again, in the USSR, almost in parallel with Zworykin (in 1931), a similar transmitting tube, called the "radio eye", was created by Semyon Isidorovich Kataev. Kataev's tube consisted of tiny cells in which an electric charge accumulated under the action of light. More powerful and advanced tubes (orthicon, superorthicon, superemitron, etc.), created later, used the basic principles of the iconoscope.

The first electronic TV suitable for domestic use was developed at the end of 1936 at the American research laboratory RCA, which, by the way, was led by Zworykin. In 1939, RCA launched the first television set for the masses, the RCS TT-5. This TV was a heavy wooden box with a 5 inch screen. For about 20 years, electronic and mechanical television competed with each other, but by the beginning of the 40s of the last century, the latter had to give way to a more advanced and promising system. Already by 1933 in the USSR, many considered that the age of electronic TV had come, and in Moscow in December 1933, broadcasts of mechanical television stopped. However, the country's industry was not ready for the release of new devices, therefore, on February 11, 1934, they resumed (first - experimental), and then (from November 15 of the same year) permanent broadcasts of mechanical TV. Moscow decided to abandon the latter only in April 1940, and in Kyiv - shortly before the start of the war.

The same KVN

The first popular Soviet television was KVN, which was produced for about 20 years. This model was created in 1949 by V. K. Kenigson, N. M. Varshavsky and I. A. Nikolaevsky. Actually, the first letters of the names of these talented people made up the abbreviation KVN. Today she is known mainly from the popular TV game with the permanent host A. Maslyakov, who started the KVN movement just in the era of the electronic namesake.

The KVN TV was a three-channel television receiver that used a direct amplification circuit with sixteen lamps. Ease of operation and reliability of the design provided KVN with a long life and love from grateful viewers. Of course, the popular brand had flaws. The most important of these is the small screen; KVN used a 18LK1B kinescope with a round screen 18 centimeters in diameter. For this reason, it was convenient to watch programs only from a distance of less than 1 meter, which reduced the audience to 2-3 people. Given the rarity of televisions at that time, it was very small, because all the neighbors were going to watch the programs to the owners of KVN-s. To increase the audience, a prefix lens was developed for KVN, filled with distilled water. The brightness of the TV was high, so this solution justified itself. Of course, today such a construction causes only a smile, but in those early years the opportunity for the "whole team" to watch the broadcast of football matches was rated very highly. The popularity of television affected the rapid growth of the USSR television network. For example, in 1953 there were only three television centers, and seven years later there were already 100 powerful television stations and 170 relay stations with a smaller capacity.

Standardization issues

The first Soviet electronic TV system (180 lines at 25 frames per second) was created at the beginning of 1935 in Leningrad. On September 16, 1937, the Experimental Leningrad Television Center (OLTC) began to broadcast using a decomposition system of 240 lines per frame. And in the spring of 1938, the electronic television of the Soviet Union began to use the 343/50 standard (where 50 is the vertical frequency). The first common standard for electronic television broadcasting in the USSR was adopted on December 27, 1940, it provided for a decomposition system of 441 lines per frame. In the same year, the Leningrad plant "Radist" began mass production of a television for individual use under the name "17TN-1". The 441/50 standard did not last long, as did the 343-line decomposition standard (it was again used by the Moscow television center when it resumed operation on May 7, 1945)

The generator, which creates quenching and synchronizing pulses of the 625/50 standard, started working in the summer of 1946. However, there were very few studio equipment, as well as household televisions that supported the new standard, which is why in August 1948 the OLTC was forced to start broadcasting according to the 441/50 standard. On September 17 of the same year, the Moscow television center stops broadcasting according to the 343/50 standard, and on November 4, it starts broadcasting using the 625/50 standard. One of the first Soviet TVs supporting the 625/50 standard was T1 Leningrad. These television receivers were assembled at the plant. Kozitsky, subsequently new models appeared: "T-2 Leningrad", "T-3 Leningrad" and "T-6 Leningrad". The T-3 Leningrad model was produced together with a radio receiver (the TV screen size was 12 inches). In those post-war years, the disparity in world standards was amazing. The British, for example, have long stuck to the 405-line decomposition system. The author of this standard, by the way, was a native of Pinsk, Isaac Schoenberg, who served as the chief engineer of the Russian company "Marconi" in St. Petersburg, and in 1914 emigrated to England. The French also chose their own path, which, however, turned out to be a dead end. Initially, it was assumed that the French television standard would be a 1000-line decomposition system (the author of the idea was Rene Barthelemy). However, Henri Georges de France (later the developer of SECAM) proposed a decomposition into 819 lines with a signal bandwidth of 10.5 MHz. The new standard was launched in 1950. After 15 years, the French nevertheless adopted the 625/50 standard, although they continued to maintain the old decomposition system for another twenty years, until outdated TV models were finally thrown into the trash. In the United States in the early 1930s, a 343-line expansion system developed by Zworykin appeared; in 1935, regular broadcasting began with its use in New York. In 1937, the States switched to the 441/50 standard, and in 1941 to the 525/60 (aka NTSC standard). However, other world standards won - 525/60 and 625/50. It turned out that even higher definition (which, in particular, was demonstrated by the French system) is not a guarantee of the success of the standard. We only add that the 625-line decomposition system formed the basis of two leading standards - PAL and SECAM.

Unity in color

In the 50s, work also began on the introduction of color television, the author of which was Zworykin back in 1928. However, the implementation of the idea was late, which was also the reason for the war years. The first commercial color television set was introduced by RCA in 1954. The model had a 15-inch screen.

Color TV "Rainbow".

In the USSR, color TV programs were received by Raduga TVs with a rotating light filter. But these receivers required an extension of the video frequency spectrum, and therefore were incompatible with the already working black-and-white television system. For this reason, in 1956, the laboratory of the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute of Communications named after M. A. Bonch-Bruevich (headed by P. V. Shmakov) created a color television system with simultaneous color transmission. The first transmission of the new color television was carried out in January 1960 from the experimental station of the above-named institute. In March 1965, the USSR and France signed an agreement on cooperation in the field of color television, taking the SECAM system (French sequentiel couleur avec memoire - "sequential color with memory") as a single standard. The joint SECAM-III system on the territory of the Soviet Union was adopted as the basis on June 26, 1966, and its debut took place on October 1, 1967. The release of the first batch of color TVs was timed to coincide with this significant event. In 1967, the PAL (phase-alternating line) standard was also adopted. This analog color television system was adopted by the rest of Europe, excluding France. It was developed by Walter Bruch, an engineer at the German company Telefunken. PAL is also used by China, Australia and other countries. The third standard that has taken root in the United States, Canada and Japan is NTSC (national television standards committee). This system was developed in the USA; On December 18, 1953, color television broadcasting began in this system. The high cost of color televisions and the complexity of introducing color television did not allow black-and-white television to leave the world stage until the end of the 1980s. Well, today the color analog television familiar to us is crowding out more progressive digital broadcasting. In the latter, the signal, converted into a sequence of digital codes, is transmitted in a micro-stable manner, so the transmission is carried out without any distortion. Digital processing allows signal compression, which allows several programs to be transmitted in one frequency television channel.

Epilogue

Leading a story about television, it is impossible to say at the end a common phrase that, they say, despite its progressiveness in the past, it has lost its relevance and is now archaic. On the contrary, television is expanding its influence every year. It just changes and improves. And today we see that the time is coming for a new television - digital. Five European countries (Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, Finland, Luxembourg) have already stopped analogue terrestrial broadcasting. In 2010-2012, analog TV is going to be sent to the dustbin of history in another 20 European countries. In the US, the long-planned full transition to digital has been postponed until June this year. But Russia is going to "catch up" with the United States and other civilized countries only in 2015, or even later. But, sooner or later, the whole world will switch to digital broadcasting. In parallel, there is an active process of replacing CRT televisions with television receivers with plasma or liquid crystal displays. Unfortunately, it cannot be said that the quality of TV programs is also progressing from year to year. Rather, the opposite has to be said. But this, as already stated at the very beginning, is a topic for a completely different article.

Now there is a TV in every home, but attempts to transmit the image and sound over a distance were crowned with success not so long ago. Sound transmission became possible after the discovery of radio waves and the invention of radio, but the electromagnetic radiation that allows you to broadcast images was tamed later, let's find out who invented the TV.

The essence of television broadcasting is converting light waves into electrical signals with subsequent transmission of electrical signals over a communication channel and decoding information in the reverse order - from electrical impulses to pictures.

The inventor of the camera obscura back in the Middle Ages was able to turn light into an optical pattern. And the transformation of light into electricity became possible with discovery of the chemical element selenium in 1817. It was possible to practically use the properties of the “lunar” mineral in 1839. The first step towards television was taken. The idea of converting an electrical signal into a light signal was realized in 1856, when I. G. Geisler invented the inertial tube, which converted electricity into an optical image using a conductor gas.

In 1875, Bostonian George Carey introduced first TV prototype– a mosaic structure consisting of gas discharge tubes. Almost simultaneously, in the period from 1877 to 1880, three scientists from different countries at once published a scheme that involved signal transmission in turn. Among them was our compatriot - Porfiry Ivanovich Bakhmetiev, the inventor of the "telephotographer". The Russian scientist presented a completely achievable idea, according to which, before transmission, the image was divided into separate parts, and after receiving it was restored into a single picture. In 1889 Professor Stoletov invented the photoelectric cell., after which, in 1907, B. L. Rosing created the patented principle of inverse conversion of electrical signals into an image using a cathode ray tube. Since then, this invention has been actively used in the design of the television apparatus. Without Boris Rosing, who was able to get a picture consisting of dots and shapes, the appearance of the first electronic television apparatus would have been impossible.

Vladimir Zworykin

After summing up the theoretical basis, which gives an understanding of the essence of phenomena and the possibility of controlling signals of different nature, as well as the emergence of a number of inventions, the world has approached the emergence of special devices, intended for television broadcast.

There is no single answer to the question of who is considered the inventor of the television. Attempts to implement the process of converting light waves into electrical waves with subsequent restoration of the optical image were made by various scientists and inventors.

In 1884 German scientist Paul Nipkow created the first device for opto-mechanical beam sweep- the so-called "Nipkow Disk". In fact, the instrument was an electronic telescope reading the image line by line.

Using the idea of a talented German student, John Logi Baird was able to get picture on the screen of the receiver. January 26, 1926 members of the Royal Institution of Great Britain observed for the first broadcast. Despite the fact that the image was very generalized and fuzzy, and there was no sound, it was still television. The scientist was not deprived of a commercial vein: Byrd's company began producing televisions.

The first kinescope was invented by Karl Brown. Subsequently, the glass "Brown Tube" became part of the television set.

Follower and student of Boris Rosing Vladimir Zworykin invented and patented the electronic television system in 1932. To a certain extent, the scientist can be called the inventor of the first television.

How did the first TV work?

First TV proposed by John Baird, worked on the basis of the Nipkow disk. The device was a large rotating disk with holes located from the outer circumference to the center (along the Archimedes' spiral). The size of the broadcast picture was directly proportional to the size of the disk in the bounding box. The number of holes corresponded to the number of lines on the TV screen. The Nipkow disk rotated, moving the perforation, as a result of which a single image was divided into lines. The design had technical limitations that did not allow the translator screen to be enlarged. It was not possible to increase the number of holes indefinitely: the more the disk is covered with perforations, the smaller the size of the holes that should transmit light to the photocell. Eventually, the screens of the first television receivers were tiny - only 3 x 4 cm.

Small-line television made it possible to broadcast a television signal on long and medium waves, thanks to which they could “catch” a signal from Moscow even in Europe. But using the Nipkow Disk did not allow you to enlarge the screen even up to the size of a standard photograph - in this case, the translator had to be equipped with a huge two-meter disk. But the principle of electronic television, proposed by Vladimir Zworykin, was limited in frequency, since the picture was divided into a huge number of elements, the transmission of which would take up all the power. It was The decision was made broadcast television signals on ultrashort waves with a range of less than 10 meters. Ultrashort waves propagate in a straight line, like light pulses.

Zworykin's TV worked on a different system. The apparatus was based on inventions patented by the scientist - an iconoscope (transmitting cathode-ray tube) and a kinescope (receiving tube that reproduces an image). In the late 1920s, the idea of electronic television spread throughout the world.

The first TV in the USSR

First TV broadcast in the expanses of the Soviet Union took place in April 1931 of the year. At that time, domestic TVs were not yet produced. The first TV in the USSR appeared later, as the authorities did betting on radio broadcasting, since it was believed that such a method of transmitting information effective in terms of propaganda. Nevertheless, Nipkow's paper discs were being produced in the USSR at that time. Television signals were broadcast on long and medium frequencies. The sound was transmitted separately, the picture was transmitted separately.

Domestic craftsmen quickly mastered the wisdom of assembling television receivers. Cardboard perforated disc complemented by a neon lamp, ensuring signal reception and imaging on miniature screen. A radio receiver was purchased to receive the sound signal. Schemes for assembling home-made TVs were published in the Radiofront magazine.

Later, the Leningrad enterprise Komintern began the production of domestic televisions operating according to the Nipkov system. The device resembled a set-top box with a 3 x 4 cm screen for connection to a radio receiver. TV broadcasting became regular. For a long time in the territory of the USSR broadcast only one channel - the First, whose work was interrupted during the Great Patriotic War. In the post-war period, the principle of electronic television began to be used, the first kinescope television receiver was produced. The second domestic television channel began broadcasting.

First color TV

The ideas of the first color television and the transmission of a color image were developed in parallel with the implementation of the concept of black and white television broadcasting. Same John Baird in 1928 he guessed to build a three-color filter to your television set. The images were transmitted through a light filter one by one. It is likely that the principle used by Baird was based on the proposal of Alexander Polumordvinov, who in 1900 applied for a patent for the first color three-component television system, Telefot. The inventor also proposed to combine the perforated Nipkow disk with multi-colored filters.

In 1907 Hovhannes Adamyan patented two color television system with simultaneous color transfer. Later, the scientist came up with a scheme for the serial transmission of three color signals. Adamyan's reamer was equipped with three series of holes covered with red, blue and green filters. This idea was later implemented by John Baird. The disadvantage of the scheme was incompatibility with black and white television.

The first true color television was produced in America in the 1920s. RCA devices could be freely bought on credit.

Later it turned out that the developers were ahead of the needs of the public: at that time, the viewers were quite satisfied with the black-and-white picture. The idea of color television returned after the end of the Second World War.

The first color TV in the USSR

Research on color television in the USSR continued in 1947. November 7, 1952 Leningrad television successfully conducted an experimental broadcast color television broadcast.

In 1954, Soviet scientists developed the OSKM television broadcasting standard, and already in 1956 the same Leningrad television center aired the first film with a color image. The signal reception quality was tested on domestic black-and-white devices.

Since October 1, 1967, color television broadcasting in the USSR has been conducted using the SECAM standard. In 1977, domestic television broadcasting is broadcast in full color.

In the Soviet Union, their own color television apparatus was released later, although development began back in the time of Zworykin. In 1953, domestic enterprises produced Raduga TVs based on Nipkow discs with color filters. After the transition to the principle of electronic television, the updated Rainbow and the Temp-22 model were released.

The first domestic mass television with a color image was called Rubin.

Who Invented the Plasma TV

In July 1964, University of Illinois professors D. Bitzer and G. Slottou developed the first prototype of a modern plasma TV. At that time, the technology did not arouse much interest. The theme of the plasma device returned with the advent of digital television. The inventors investigated the properties of the plasma. By that time, it became clear that the kinescope broadcast system needed to be replaced - electronic TVs did an excellent job of transmitting video, but a fundamentally new solution was needed to broadcast computer video graphics.

The first device was equipped with only one cell. Modern televisions are equipped with millions of pixels.

In 1999, the world saw Panasonic's 60-inch Plasma TV. At that moment, TVs became much thinner than the devices of previous generations.

With the advent of liquid crystal screens, plasma TV technology has somewhat suspended its development. The demand for "plasma" has decreased.

Scholars may know most of the names and occupations of these people - John Logie Baird, Boris Lvovich Rosing, Vladimir Kozmich Zvorykin, Semyon Isidorovich Kataev, Konstantin Dmitrievich Persky, Paul Julius Gottlieb Nipkov, Kenjiro Takayanagi, Philo Taylor Farnsworth. These surnames are most often heard when it comes to who invented the television.

They worked on new technologies in different years and even eras and on different continents, but each individually made a significant contribution to the realization of the idea of transmitting visual information using technical means.

Who was the inventor of the first mechanical television

The electronic telescope is the name given to his invention by the German engineer-inventor Paul Julius Gottlieb Nipkov. In 1884 he took out a patent. The principle of operation of the device, which is now fixed as the first television set, was based on the reception of light signals and their mechanical scanning using a projection transducer (Nipkow disk).

The device created by Nipkow is not a television as such, but nevertheless it is an important component that gave impetus to the development of mechanical television. By the beginning of the 20th century, several more scientists patented their kinescopes (Karl Braun, Max Dieckmann).

In 1925, the Scotsman John Logie Baird, who picked up Nipkow's idea, organized a public demonstration in London of a television image of a silhouette in motion. A year later, a presentation with a human face took place. And in 1927, the inventor carried out for the first time in world history a broadcast signal transmission between Glasgow and London.

But the age of television mechanics could not be long, the era of electronic television began.

Who Invented the Electronic TV

What until recently seemed like a fantastic goal has become more and more a reality every year. Russian physicists and engineers could not but contribute to the invention. The first to come up with a new approach to television communications was Boris Lvovich Rozing, a physicist and lecturer at St. Petersburg Technological University. He began his research by setting a new vector - he introduced an inertialess electron beam into the television system.

B. L. Rosing can be considered the founder of the electronic TV, because he did not use mechanical parts. His system was recognized in Europe and supported in 1907 by a patent. A few years later, the physicist-inventor presented a prototype of a kinescope, and the demonstration of an image with its help was recorded in the history of technology as the first telecast of electronic television. It happened in 1911.

But until the most important development, with which mass production will begin, it took decades. Rosing's idea of using a cathode ray tube was further developed by his student Vladimir Kozmich Zvorykin. After the October Revolution, the Russian engineer emigrated to America, where he continued to work. The result of his work was a patent for an iconoscope - that's what the author called it, and under this name the device got into mass production. The first model was sold in 1928 for $75 and showed obscure silhouettes.

Regular TV broadcasting was launched first in the US, then in Europe. By the mid-1930s, broadcasting was carried out in the VHF band. The TV receiver model was improved by scientists from other countries. The correct answer to the question in what year the television was invented will also be 1937, when the British released a model with a kinescope. In mass production, the TV in the USSR appeared a little later.

The first attempts to master television broadcasting technologies were made in the Soviet Union at the beginning of the 20th century. At first, devices were produced based on the Nipkow disk (the one who invented the first mechanical method of image transmission) with a 3x4 cm screen, then they mastered the electronic principle.

In 1932, the Leningraders launched the production of television receivers (the Komintern plant produced 3,000 pieces). The device was called "B-2", was of a mechanical type, but was not an independent device: it had to be connected to a radio receiver.

Soviet engineers relied on mechanical televisions, which led to technological stagnation. However, regular television broadcasting (3 channels) in the country of the Soviets began in the pre-war period - in 1938. The KVN television is considered the most massive, but its production began only in the post-war years. The first Soviet color TV with sequential transmission of color fields (“Rainbow”) was an analogue of the American TV set, which was outdated by that time.

Who invented color television

Work on the ability to transmit an image in color took place in parallel with the evolution of televisions. With the advent of mechanical television, engineers began to make attempts to make the transmission of a picture of high quality, close to reality. Back in 1908, the Soviet engineer O. Adamyan patented the invented 2-color device.

A breakthrough in the development of color signal transmission was the invention of the above-mentioned Scot D. Brad. The device, which he assembled in 1928, could transmit 3 consecutive images using filters (blue, green and red).

Color television only took off after World War II. The United States was the least affected by the hostilities, so it quickly rebuilt defense production facilities for civilian production. The US electronics industry began to use decimeter radio bands; 3 transmitting tubes were used for color separation. The search for the most acceptable signal transmission system went on for a long time. It was only in 1951 that regular color broadcasting began, which was carried out by 5 CBS television stations.

In the USSR, on November 7, 1952, after searching for and developing a similar standard, a trial broadcast was conducted by the Leningrad Television Center. A year later, regular broadcasting began on Shabolovka in Moscow.

The most interesting facts

Among those who created the television is the Japanese Kenjiro Takayanagi. His role is that already in 1927 he demonstrated an apparatus with a resolution of 100 lines, and in 1928 he was the first to convey people's faces in halftones.

The world's first serial TV receiver Visionette ("Vizhnett") was mechanical with a 45-line scan.

Serial production of electrovacuum devices was established in 1934 in Germany. The cheapest model from Telefunken with a diagonal of 30 cm cost $445.

Soviet people could make a TV set on their own. The instruction was printed in the magazine "Radiofront", it was only necessary to switch the radio to another frequency.

The KVN-49 TV, which became the most popular in the Soviet Union, was sold at a price that was equivalent to 2 average salaries. The device was unreliable, so it soon acquired a popular nickname, wits deciphered the abbreviation as “Bought, Turned on, Doesn’t work”.

When the television was invented, television advertising also appeared. The Bulova Watch Company video lasted only 10 seconds, the customer paid $9.

Remember the fairy tale about the silver saucer and the poured apples? The idea to transmit dynamic images over long distances owned people in ancient times, but only at the end of the 19th century, mankind managed to realize their idea and invent the progenitor of modern television.

Who was its creator? It is rather difficult to answer this question, since many scientists of the world took part in the development and evolution of television.

Who was the inventor of the first mechanical television?

The beginning of the history of the first television receivers was laid by the German technician Paul Nipkow, who in 1884 invented a special device - the Nipkow disk, capable of scanning images line by line. In 1895, the German physicist Karl Braun created the first kinescope, better known as the Brown Tube.

The scientist considered his creation unsuccessful and put it aside for a long 11 years, but in 1906 his student Max Dieckmann received a patent for a pipe and used the teacher's find to transmit the picture. A year later, he showed the world a television receiver with a small screen of 3 by 3 centimeters and a refresh rate of 10 frames per second.

In the mid-1920s, the British engineer John Logie Brad made an invaluable contribution to the development of modern television. Using the Nipkow disk, he invented a mechanical television receiver that worked without sound, but gave a fairly clear picture obtained by decomposing it into elements.

At the same time, the scientist created the Baird Corporation, which for a long time was the only manufacturer of television sets in the world.

Who invented the electronic TV?

The basis of the first electronic television receiver was the development of the Russian physicist Boris Rosing. In 1907, he inserted a cathode ray tube into the receiving apparatus and received a static television picture of geometric shapes. His work was continued by another Russian engineer - Vladimir Zworykin. After the revolutionary events, he left for America, and in 1923 he patented a unique invention - television, fully functioning on electronic technology.

In the future, Zworykin managed to come up with the so-called iconoscope, thanks to which electronic televisions got into mass production. In 1927, regular television broadcasting was launched in the United States, and in subsequent years, Great Britain, Germany and other European countries began to connect television. Initially, the image had an optical-mechanical scan, but by the mid-1930s, broadcasting began to be carried out in the VHF range according to the electronic principle.

Residents of the Soviet Union got the opportunity to watch television in 1939. The creator of the first television receiver was the Komintern plant in Leningrad, which in 1932 produced an apparatus that worked on the Nipkov disk. The device was an ordinary set-top box with a screen 3 by 4 centimeters, which had to be connected to a radio receiver.

Interestingly, subsequently, such TVs could be made by any person with their own hands, focusing on the instructions in the Radiofront magazine. The device required switching the radio to a different frequency and allowed you to watch programs that were shown by European countries.

Who Invented Color Television?

Attempts to transmit a color image were made in the era of mechanical television receivers. One of the first to present his developments in this area was the Soviet engineer Hovhannes Adamyan, who in 1908 patented a two-color device for signal transmission.

The recognized inventor of the color TV was John Logie Brad, the author of the mechanical receiver. In 1928, he assembled an apparatus that could transmit three images in succession using blue, green, and red color filters.

The real breakthrough in the development of color television came only after the Second World War. When the United States lost the opportunity to make money on defense orders, they switched to civilian production and began to use decimeter waves to transmit images.

In 1940, American scientists presented the Triniscope system, in which the images of three kinescopes were combined with different colors of the phosphor glow. In the Soviet Union, developments of a similar nature appeared in 1951, and a year later, Soviet viewers were able to see the first test broadcast in color.